Plants and seeds of brassica carinata variety agr044-312e

ABSTRACT

The invention is in the field of Brassica carinata breeding (i.e. Ethiopian mustard breeding), specifically relating to Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E. The present invention relates to seeds, plants or parts thereof, cells, methods of making, and uses of this variety and its progeny.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of and priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/684,293 filed Jun. 13, 2018, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to the field of Brassica carinata breeding and, more specifically, to the development of a new Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E, a sample of seed of which has been deposited with NCIMB under Accession number 42996.

BACKGROUND

Brassica carinata is a member of the Brassicaceae (formerly Cruciferae) family, commonly known as the mustard family. In Canada, Brassica carinata is commonly known as carinata, but is also sometimes referred to as Ethiopian mustard, Abyssinian mustard, Ethiopian kale or Abyssinian kale. In Ethiopia it is named gomenzer (Getinet, et al., 1996).

The genus Brassica is a member of the tribe Bras siceae in the mustard family (Brassicaceae; (Warwick, et al., 2009). In addition to B. carinata, the Brassica genus includes several economically important oilseed crop species: B. juncea (L). Czern. (brown mustard), B. napus L. (rape, Argentine canola), B. nigra (L.) W. D. J. Koch (black mustard), and B. rapa L. (field mustard, Polish canola). The genus Brassica also includes B. oleracea L. food crops, including cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, kohlrabi and kale.

The six Brassica species are closely related genetically, as described in the Triangle of U (Nagaharu, 1935). Brassica carinata is an amphidiploid (BBCC, 2n=34) thought to be derived from interspecific hybridization of the diploid species B. nigra L. (BB, 2n=16) and B. oleracea L. (CC, 2n=18; (Prakash, et al., 2011). The native range of Brassica carinata comprises the central highland region of Ethiopia. All the naturally occurring carinata in these regions is cultivated; there do not appear to be wild populations.

Brassica carinata is an herbaceous annual with a determinate growth habit (Zanetti, et al., 2013). The plants were originally cultivated in their home range primarily as a source of leaves used as an edible and nutritious vegetable (Neugart, et al., 2017). Carinata can be grown as a cover crop to reduce soil erosion and herbicide use, while promoting water conservation (Alcantara, et al., 2011) or can be plowed into the soil for use as a green manure soil amendment and bio-fumigant (Lazzeri, et al., 2009; Pane, et al., 2013). Carinata also has utility in phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated topsoil (Mourato, et al., 2015). As abundant producers of vegetative biomass, cropping of carinata's above-ground biomass has been suggested as a renewable source of feedstock for conversion to energy, particularly where cultivated in southern Europe (Gasol, et al., 2007).

Brassica carinata can be grown in subtropical regions as winter cover crop in rotations with summer crops such as beans, cotton, and peanuts, where the usual practice had been to follow with winter fallow. This is made possible by the unique ability for established carinata to survive and recover after hard frosts (Seepaul, et al., 2015). Benefits of carinata's use as a winter cover crop in this environment include the ability to conserve winter moisture and nutrients in the soil, mitigate leaching of nitrogen, phosphates and other residual nutrients into local waterways, as well as providing a means to increase soil organic carbon (Newman, et al., 2010 (revised)). Brassica carinata's greater tolerance to early season frost, ability to better cope with higher heat and lower moisture during flowering and seed set, as well as resistance to lodging, allows it to better withstand early and late season weather extremes (Seepaul, et al., 2015), making it overall a more reliable oilseed cropping option for producers in semi-arid regions.

Brassica crops have long been shown to be beneficial when grown in rotations with cereals such as wheat, an important food crop amenable to production in semiarid regions by virtue of its shorter growing season and tolerance to climate extremes. Rotations with oilseed as well as forage Brassica species have consistently demonstrated a beneficial effect on yield of the ensuing cereal crop, due to their effects on improving soil structure and moisture conservation and to its ability to provide a break to the cycle of diseases that affect cereal performance (Angus, et al., 2011). Its ability to break cereal disease cycles stems from Brassica's lack of susceptibility to many cereal diseases, but may also derive from their ability to actively discourage persistence of soil pathogens via the biofumigant activity of root exudates and residues (Kirkegaard and Sarwar, 1998). In the southern hemisphere, the crop can be sown in late autumn or early winter into moist soil. In higher rainfall zones, it can be sown as late as early spring.

In terms of economic value, Brassica carinata's greatest potential as a crop resides in its prolific yields of oil and protein rich seed. In southern Europe, carinata seed oil has been investigated for its potential as a feedstock for biofuel and as a bio-industrial feedstock with applications in production of lubricants, paints, cosmetics, plastics (Cardone, et al., 2002; Cardone, et al., 2003; Bouaid, et al., 2005; Gasol, et al., 2007; Gasol, et al., 2009). In North America, where varieties have been adapted to grow in regions as diverse as the semi-arid southern Canadian prairies and adjacent US northern tier states as well as the Southeast US gulf states, carinata has been shown to be a suitable renewable feedstock crop for biofuel production (Gesch, et al., 2015; Seepaul, et al., 2015), and oil extracted from B. carinata seed has been used to produce green bio-diesel and bio-jet fuel (Drenth, et al., 2015). In October 2012, experimental aviation flights by the National Research Council of Canada using the world's first 100% bio-jet fuel were successful (“ReadiJet 100% biofuels flight—one of 2012's 25 most important scientific events”, Popular Science Magazine, 2012(12).

Carinata varieties have been developed that are optimized for production of oil feedstock for diverse bio-industrial uses such as manufacturing of bio-plastics (Impallomeni, et al., 2011; Newson, et al., 2014), lubricants (Zanetti, et al., 2009) and specialty fatty acids such as 5, 13-docosadienoic acid, 5-eicosenoic acid (Jadhav, et al., 2005), eicosapentaenoic acid (Cheng, et al., 2010) and nervonic acid (Taylor, et al., 2010). In some cases, modification of the seed oil profile has involved the use of transgenic technologies to introduce specific genes encoding enzymes of the fatty acid biosynthesis pathways or constructs to knock down expression of endogenous pathway genes (reviewed in Taylor, et al., 2010).

As well as its high oil content, carinata seed has high protein and low fibre content (Xin and Yu, 2014), making the meal that is produced as a by-product of the oil extraction process a potential source of high quality protein for use in animal feed applications. The native seed also has a high content of glucosinolate (GSL), a class of sulfur containing compounds which, when present at high levels in meal, can reduce feed palatability and adversely affect animal health. There have been efforts to reduce GSL levels through use of interspecific crossing with low GSL varieties of other Brassicaceae species (Getinet, et al., 1997; Márquez-Lema, et al., 2008). More recently, it has been demonstrated that the optimized processing of the meal during the oil extraction process can remove most of the glucosinolate, rendering the meal suitable for a number of animal feed applications (U.S. Publication No. 2018/004226). Carinata meal is currently approved as a supplement for cattle feed in Canada, US and Europe.

Brassica carinata has been adapted to meet the demands of emerging markets for carinata seed and carinata products. To provide opportunity to expand its production base, there continues to be a great need in the art for new carinata varieties and lines with improved traits, including increased grain and oil yields per acre, increased seed oil content and optimized oil composition, as well as varieties with improved agronomic traits such as increased tolerances to biotic and abiotic stresses, reduced time to maturity and improved harvestability.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect of the invention, a new Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E is provided. In other aspects, the invention also provides a seed, plant, plant part or cell of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E, for which a representative sample of seed has been deposited under NCIMB Accession Number 42996.

In other aspects, the invention provides methods for producing a Brassica carinata plant by crossing variety AGR044-312E with itself or with other Brassica carinata varieties. The invention is also directed to a cell, seed, plant, or plant part of a Brassica carinata variety produced by crossing Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E with itself or with other Brassica carinata varieties.

In another aspect, the invention is directed to a Brassica carinata seed produced by crossing Brassica carinata plants and harvesting the resulting Brassica carinata seed, wherein at least one Brassica carinata plant is the plant of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E. In another aspect, the invention is directed to a method of producing a Brassica carinata variety derived from Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E, the method comprising (a) crossing Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E plant with a different Brassica carinata plant having a desired trait to produce F1 hybrid seed; and (b) growing the resultant F1 hybrid seed and selecting one or more F1 hybrid progeny plants having the desired trait and at least a portion of the genetic make up of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E. In one embodiment, the method of producing a Brassica carinata variety derived from Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E further comprises the steps of (a) backcrossing the selected progeny plants with plants of variety AGR044-312E, or with the different Brassica carinata plant having a desired trait, to produce backcross progeny seed; (b) growing the resultant backcross progeny seed and selecting backcross progeny plants that have the desired trait and at least a portion of the genetic make up of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E; and (c) repeating steps (a) and (b) on the selected backcross progeny plants to a maximum of 10 generations to produce a progeny Brassica carinata plant derived from Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E, wherein the progeny Brassica carinata plant comprises the desired trait and at least a portion of the genetic make up of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E. In another embodiment, the method of producing a Brassica carinata variety derived from Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E further comprises the steps of (a) self-pollinating the selected F1 hybrid progeny plants to produce further progeny seed; (b) growing the further progeny seed and selecting further progeny plants that have the desired trait and at least a portion of the genetic make up of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E; and (c) repeating steps (a) and (b) on the selected further progeny plants to a maximum of 10 generations to produce a progeny Brassica carinata plant derived from Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E, wherein the progeny Brassica carinata plant comprises the desired trait and at least a portion of the genetic make up of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E. The invention is also directed to a cell, seed, plant, or plant part of a Brassica carinata variety derived from Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E using the above-described methods.

In another aspect, the invention provides methods for producing doubled haploid (DH) varieties from F1 Brassica carinata plants produced by crossing Brassica carinata AGR044-312E variety with itself or with other Brassica carinata varieties, as well as a cell, seed, plant, or plant part produced by such DH varieties and any progeny of these.

In another aspect, the invention provides methods for producing a Brassica carinata plant by outcros sing Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E with other Brassicaceae species followed by backcrossing with Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E, as well as producing DH varieties from the interspecific crosses. In some embodiments, the other Brassicaceae species may be any species of the family Brassicaceae including but not limited to Brassica alba, Brassica hirta, Brassica juncea, Brassica napus, Brassica nigra, Brassica oleracea, Brassica rapa, Sinapus alba, and Camelina sativa. In some embodiments, the progeny DH varieties retain the “essential morphological or physiological characteristics” of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E as described herein, when grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions. In some embodiments, the “essential morphological or physiological characteristics” of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E are the physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13 as determined at the 5% significance level.

In another aspect, the invention provides for the use of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E as a background for chemical and/or radiation induced mutagenesis, for targeted gene editing, for modulation of traits via RNA interference or antisense RNA expression, or for introduction of traits via genetic transformation.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method to produce a commercial crop of plants of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E, as well any progeny plants derived from Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E. The invention also provides a method of producing a commercial plant product comprising growing the plant of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E, or any progeny plants derived from Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E, to produce a commercial crop and producing the commercial plant product from the commercial crop.

In other aspects, the invention relates to the use of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E to produce a commercial product, such as oil, meal, protein isolate, biofumigant, or crushed non-viable seed. The invention also provides for commercial products produced from Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E, as well any progeny plants derived from Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E, including but not limited to oil, meal, protein isolate, biofumigant, or crushed non-viable seed.

The invention provides for, without limitation, the following numbered embodiments.:

-   1. Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E, representative seed of the     variety having been deposited under NCIMB accession number 42996. -   2. A seed, plant, plant part or cell of Brassica carinata variety     AGR044-312E, representative seed of the variety having been     deposited under NCIMB accession number 42996. -   3. A Brassica carinata seed produced by crossing Brassica carinata     plants and harvesting the resulting Brassica carinata seed, wherein     at least one Brassica carinata plant is the plant of embodiment 2. -   4. A method of producing a Brassica carinata variety derived from     Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E, the method comprising     -   (a) crossing a plant of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E         with a different Brassica carinata plant having a desired trait         to produce F1 hybrid seed; and     -   (b) growing the resultant F1 hybrid seed and selecting one or         more F1 hybrid plants having the desired trait and at least a         portion of the genetic make up of Brassica carinata variety         AGR044-312E. -   5. The method of embodiment 4, further comprising the steps of     -   (a) backcrossing the selected F1 hybrid plants with plants of         Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E, or with the different         Brassica carinata plant having a desired trait, to produce         backcross progeny seed;     -   (b) growing the resultant backcross progeny seed and selecting         backcross progeny plants that have the desired trait and at         least a portion of the genetic makeup of Brassica carinata         variety AGR044-312E; and     -   (c) repeating steps (a) and (b) on the selected backcross         progeny plants to a maximum of 10 generations to produce a         Brassica carinata plant derived from Brassica carinata variety         AGR044-312E, wherein the resulting progeny Brassica carinata         plant comprises the desired trait and at least a portion of the         genetic makeup of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E. -   6. The method of embodiment 4, further comprising the steps of     -   (a) self-pollinating the F1 hybrid plants to produce further         progeny seed;     -   (b) growing the further progeny seed and selecting further         progeny plants that have the desired trait and at least a         portion of the genetic make up of Brassica carinata variety         AGR044-312E; and     -   (c) repeating steps (a) and (b) on the selected further progeny         plants to a maximum of 10 generations to produce a Brassica         carinata plant derived from Brassica carinata variety         AGR044-312E, wherein the Brassica carinata plant comprises the         desired trait and at least a portion of the genetic makeup of         Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E. -   7. A cell, seed, plant, or plant part of the Brassica carinata     variety produced by the method of any one of embodiments 4 to 6,     wherein the Brassica carinata plant has the same physiological     and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of     Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13, as determined     at the 5% significance level, when grown in the same location under     the same environmental conditions as variety AGR044-312E as a plant     of variety AGR044-312E. -   8. A method of producing a commercial plant product, the method     comprising growing the plant of embodiment 2 to produce a commercial     crop and producing the commercial plant product from the commercial     crop. -   9. The method of embodiment 8, wherein the commercial plant product     comprises oil, meal, protein isolate, or biofumigant. -   10. A method of producing a commercial plant product, the method     comprising growing the plant of embodiment 7 to produce a commercial     crop and producing the commercial plant product from the commercial     crop. -   11. The method of embodiment 10, wherein the commercial plant     product comprises oil, meal, protein isolate, or biofumigant. -   12. A commercial crop produced from the Brassica carinata plant of     embodiments 2 or 7. -   13. A commercial plant product produced from the Brassica carinata     plant of embodiments 2 or 7. -   14. The commercial plant product of embodiment 13, wherein the     commercial plant product comprises oil, meal, protein isolate or     biofumigant. -   15. The plant part of embodiment 2, wherein the plant part is an     ovule, a leaf, pollen, a seed, an embryo, a root, a root tip, a pod,     a flower, a stalk, a cell, or a protoplast. -   16. The plant part of embodiment 15, wherein the plant part is     pollen. -   17. The plant part of embodiment 15, wherein the plant part is an     ovule. -   18. A Brassica carinata plant or plant part having essentially all     the physiological and morphological characteristics of the plant of     embodiment 2 when grown in the same location under the same     environmental conditions. -   19. A Brassica carinata plant or plant part having the physiological     and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of     Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13, as determined     at the 5% significance level, when grown in the same location under     the same environmental conditions as variety AGR044-312E. -   20. A method for producing Brassica carinata seed comprising     crossing Brassica carinata plants and harvesting the resulting     Brassica carinata seed, wherein at least one Brassica carinata plant     is the plant of embodiment 2. -   21. A method for producing a first generation (F1) hybrid Brassica     carinata seed comprising crossing the plant of embodiment 2 with a     different Brassica carinata plant and harvesting the resultant F1     hybrid Brassica carinata seed, and wherein the plant of embodiment 2     is either a female parent or a male parent. -   22. An F1 hybrid seed produced by the method of embodiment 21. -   23. An F1 hybrid plant grown from the F1 hybrid seed of embodiment     22. -   24. A method for producing a Double Haploid variety comprising:     -   (a) isolating a flower bud of the F1 plant of embodiment 23;     -   (b) dissecting out a haploid microspore;     -   (c) placing the haploid microspore in culture;     -   (d) inducing the microspore to differentiate into an embryo and         subsequently into a plantlet;     -   (e) identifying whether the plantlet contains a diploid         chromosome number, wherein the diploid chromosome number         occurred through chromosome doubling; and     -   (f) continuing to grow the plantlet if it contains a diploid         chromosome number,     -   wherein the Double Haploid variety comprises at least a portion         of the genetic makeup of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E. -   25. The method of embodiment 24 further comprising inducing     chromosome doubling by chemical or physical means. -   26. A cell, plant, plant part, or seed of a Doubled Haploid variety     produced by the method of embodiment 24 or 25. -   27. A method of producing a Brassica carinata variety derived from     the plant of embodiment 2, wherein the Brassica carinata variety     comprises a desired trait, the method comprising the steps of:     -   (a) crossing a plant of variety AGR044-312E with another         Brassica carinata variety comprising the desired trait;     -   (b) growing the resultant F1 hybrid seed and selecting one or         more progeny plants that have the desired trait;     -   (c) backcrossing the selected progeny plants that have the         desired trait with plants of variety AGR044-312E to produce         backcross progeny seed; and     -   (d) growing the resultant backcross progeny seed and selecting         backcross progeny plants that have the desired trait,     -   wherein the Brassica carinata variety derived from the plant of         embodiment 2 comprises at least a portion of the genetic makeup         of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E -   28. The method of embodiment 27, wherein steps (c) and (d) are     repeated until the Brassica carinata variety produced from variety     AGR044-312E has the desired trait and the physiological and/or     morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1,     2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13, as determined at the 5%     significance level, when grown in the same location under the same     environmental conditions as variety AGR044-312E. -   29. A method of producing a Brassica carinata variety from the plant     of embodiment 2, wherein the Brassica carinata variety comprises a     desired trait, the method comprising introducing a nucleic acid     construct conferring the desired trait into a Brassica carinata     plant of variety AGR044-312E. -   30. The method of embodiment 29, wherein the nucleic acid construct     is introduced using polyethylene glycol (PEG) mediated nucleic acid     uptake, electroporation, ballistic infiltration using nucleic acid     coated microprojectiles (gene gun), an Agrobacterium     infiltration-based vector, or a plant virus based vector. -   31. The method of embodiment 29 or 30, wherein the nucleic acid     construct comprises a transgene, an RNAi construct, or an antisense     RNA construct. -   32. The method of any one of embodiments 29 to 31, wherein the     Brassica carinata variety comprises the desired trait and the     physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one     or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13, as     determined at the 5% significance level, when grown in the same     location under the same environmental conditions as variety     AGR044-312E. -   33. A method of producing a Brassica carinata variety from the plant     of embodiment 2, wherein the Brassica carinata variety comprises a     desired trait, the method comprising the steps of:     -   (a) crossing a plant of variety AGR044-312E with another         Brassica carinata variety comprising the desired trait;     -   (b) growing the resultant F1 hybrid seed and selecting one or         more progeny plants that have the desired trait;     -   (c) self-pollinating the progeny plants that have the desired         trait to produce further progeny seed; and     -   (d) growing the further progeny seed and selecting further         progeny plants that have the desired trait,     -   wherein the Brassica carinata variety derived from the plant of         embodiment 2 comprises at least a portion of the genetic makeup         of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E. -   34. The method of embodiment 33, wherein steps (c) and (d) are     repeated until the Brassica carinata variety from variety     AGR044-312E has the desired trait the physiological and/or     morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1,     2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13, as determined at the 5%     significance level, when grown in the same location under the same     environmental conditions as variety AGR044-312E. -   35. A method of producing a Brassica carinata variety produced from     the plant of embodiment 2, wherein the Brassica carinata variety     comprises a new trait and the method comprises exposing seedlings or     microspores to a mutagenic agent and allowing the surviving fraction     to develop into mature plants. -   36. The method of embodiment 35, wherein the mutagenic agent is     ethyl methanesulfonate, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea, or x-ray, gamma or     ultraviolet radiation. -   37. A method of producing a Brassica carinata variety derived from     the plant of embodiment 2, wherein the Brassica carinata variety     comprises a desired trait, the method comprising:     -   (a) crossing a plant of variety AGR044-312E with a plant of         another species of the family Brassicaceae comprising the         desired trait;     -   (b) producing F1 plants using embryo rescue techniques to         recover viable F1 plants or growing F1 seeds;     -   (c) self-pollinating the F1 plants that have the desired trait         and carinata character;     -   (d) producing F2 plants using embryo rescue techniques to         recover viable F2 plants or growing F2 seeds;     -   (e) self-pollinating the F2 plants that have the desired trait         and carinata character;     -   (f) producing F3 plants using embryo rescue techniques to         recover viable F2 plants or growing F3 seeds;     -   (g) self-pollinating the progeny plants that have the desired         trait and carinata character to produce further progeny plants;         and     -   (h) selecting further progeny plants with the desired trait and         carinata character to produce the carinata variety, wherein the         Brassica carinata variety derived from the plant of embodiment 2         comprises at least a portion of the genetic makeup of Brassica         carinata variety AGR044-312E. -   38. The method of embodiment 37, wherein steps (g) and (h) are     repeated until the Brassica carinata variety produced from variety     AGR044-312E has the desired trait and the physiological and/or     morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1,     2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13, as determined at the 5%     significance level, when grown in the same location under the same     environmental conditions as variety AGR044-312E. -   39. The method any one of embodiments 27 to 38, wherein the desired     trait is selected from the group consisting of male sterility and/or     fertility restoration, disease resistance, fungal resistance, pest     resistance, herbicide tolerance, abiotic stress tolerance, and     altered metabolism. -   40. The method of embodiment 39, wherein the desired trait is     herbicide tolerance and the herbicide is selected from, but not     limited to, the group consisting of glyphosate, glufosinate,     imidazolinones, and auxin analogues such as 2,4-D and dicamba. -   41. A plant, plant part, cell, or seed of a progeny Brassica     carinata variety produced by the method of any one of embodiments 27     to 40. -   42. A method for producing a Brassica carinata AGR044-312E CMS line     expressing a cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) trait, comprising the     following steps:     -   (a) using a plant of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E as a         pollen donor for crossing with an existing Brassica CMS plant,         preferably a Brassica napus CMS variety or a Brassica juncea CMS         variety, to produce viable F₁ CMS plants;     -   (b) backcrossing the F₁ CMS plants with Brassica carinata         variety AGR044-312E, using Brassica carinata AGR044-312E as a         pollen donor, to recover viable CMS BC₁ plants;     -   (c) repeatedly backcrossing CMS BC_(x) plants with Brassica         carinata variety AGR044-312E, using Brassica carinata variety         AGR044-312E as a pollen donor, for up to 6 generations and         recovering viable CMS BC₆ plants (referred to as Brassica         carinata variety AGR044-312E CMS); and     -   (d) maintaining the Brassica carinata AGR044-312E CMS line by         crossing with Brassica carinata AGR044-312E wildtype (used as B         line) and harvesting of CMS seed from Brassica carinata         AGR044-312E CMS parent. -   43. A method for producing a Brassica carinata AGR044-312E Rf line     expressing a fertility restorer function gene (Rf) comprising:     -   (a) use of a plant of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E in         reciprocal crosses with an existing Brassica Rf plant,         preferably a Brassica carinata Rf, whereby viable F₁ progeny         plants are subsequently recovered then screened for presence of         Rf gene marker and whereby Rf F₁ plants are selected;     -   (b) backcrossing the Rf F₁ plants with Brassica carinata variety         AGR044-312E, whereby viable BC₁ plants are subsequently         recovered then screened for presence of Rf gene marker and         whereby Rf BC₁ plants are selected.     -   (c) repeated backcrossing of Rf BC_(x) plants with Brassica         carinata variety AGR044-312E, for up to 6 generations as         described above, whereby, viable Rf BC₆ plants are ultimately         recovered (referred to as Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E         Rf); and     -   (d) maintenance of the Brassica carinata AGR044-312E Rf line by         self-crossing and harvesting of Rf seed from Brassica carinata         AGR044-312E Rf selfed parent. -   44. A method for producing hybrid seed from crossing a female parent     and a male parent, the method comprising the steps of:     -   (a) crossing a plant of variety AGR044-312E with another         Brassica carinata variety;     -   (b) growing the resultant F1 hybrid seed and selecting one or         more progeny plants that have a desired trait;     -   (c) recovering the hybrid seed,     -   wherein the female parent is Brassica carinata variety         AGR044-312E CMS. -   45. A method for producing hybrid seed from crossing a female parent     and a male parent, the method comprising the steps of:     -   (a) crossing a plant of variety AGR044-312E with another         Brassica carinata variety;     -   (b) growing the resultant F1 hybrid seed and selecting one or         more progeny plants that have a desired trait;     -   (c) recovering the hybrid seed,     -   wherein the male parent is Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E         CMS. -   46. Hybrid seed produced from the method of any one of embodiments     42 to 45. -   47. Crushed, non-viable seed of Brassica carinata variety     AGR044-312E, wherein a representative sample of the seed has been     deposited under NCIMB Accession number 42996. -   48. A cell of a seed, plant or plant part of Brassica carinata     variety designated AGR044-312E, wherein a representative sample of     the seed has been deposited under NCIMB Accession number 42996. -   49. A protoplast of the cell of embodiment 48. -   50. A cell of a Brassica carinata plant or plant part having the     physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one     or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13, as     determined at the 5% significance level, when grown in the same     location under the same environmental conditions as variety     AGR044-312E. -   51. The cell of embodiment 50, wherein the plant part is an ovule, a     leaf, pollen, a seed, an embryo a root, a root tip, a pod, a flower,     or a stalk. -   52. A tissue culture of protoplasts or regenerable cells of the cell     of embodiment 50 or 51. -   53. The tissue culture according to embodiment 52, wherein the     protoplasts or regenerable cells are produced from a tissue selected     from the group consisting of leaves, pollen, embryos, roots, root     tips, pods, flowers, ovules, and stalks. -   54. A Brassica carinata plant regenerated from the tissue culture of     embodiment 53, wherein the plant has the physiological and/or     morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1,     2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13, as determined at the 5%     significance level, when grown in the same location under the same     environmental conditions as variety AGR044-312E. -   55. A cell of a Brassica carinata plant regenerated from the tissue     culture of embodiment 53, wherein the plant has the physiological     and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of     Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13, as determined     at the 5% significance level, when grown in the same location under     the same environmental conditions as variety AGR044-312E. -   56. Use of a plant of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E to     produce seed, wherein the seed is produced by self-crossing or open     pollination. -   57. Use of a plant of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E to     produce an F1 hybrid Brassica carinata seed, wherein the plant of     Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E is either a female parent or a     male parent in a cross-fertilization. -   58. A cell of an F1 hybrid plant grown from the F1 hybrid seed     produced by the use of embodiment 57. -   59. A cell of an F1 hybrid plant grown from F1 hybrid seed produced     by a method comprising crossing a plant of Brassica carinata variety     AGR044-312E with a different Brassica carinata plant and harvesting     the resultant F1 hybrid carinata seed. -   60. Use of a plant of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E to     produce a Double Haploid variety. -   61. Use of embodiment 60, wherein the Double Haploid variety is     produced by a method comprising chromosome doubling introduced by     chemical or physical means. -   62. A cell of a Double Haploid (DH) variety produced from Brassica     carinata variety AGR044-312E. -   63. Use of a plant of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E to     produce a Brassica carinata variety comprising a desired trait. -   64. Use of a plant of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E to     produce a Brassica carinata variety comprising a desired trait,     wherein the desired trait is conferred by a nucleic acid construct. -   65. The use of embodiment 64, wherein the nucleic acid construct is     introduced using polyethylene glycol (PEG) mediated uptake,     electroporation, ballistic infiltration using nucleic acid-coated     microprojectiles (gene gun), an Agrobacterium infiltration-based     vector, or a plant virus-based vector. -   66. The use of embodiment 64 or 65, wherein the nucleic acid     construct comprises a transgene, an RNAi construct, or an antisense     RNA construct. -   67. Use of a plant of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E to     produce a Brassica carinata variety comprising a desired trait,     wherein the desired trait is introduced by exposing seedlings or     microspores to a mutagenic agent. -   68. The use of embodiment 67, wherein the mutagenic agent is ethyl     methanesulfonate, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea, or x-ray, gamma or     ultraviolet radiation. -   69. Use of a plant of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E to     produce a Brassica carinata variety comprising a desired trait,     wherein the desired trait is introduced by crossing a plant of     variety AGR044-312E with a plant of another Brassicaceae species     comprising the desired trait. -   70. The use of embodiment 69, wherein the Brassica carinata variety     produced from variety AGR044-312E has the desired trait and the     physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one     or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13, as     determined at the 5% significance level, when grown in the same     location under the same environmental conditions as variety     AGR044-312E. -   71. The use of any one of embodiments 63 to 70, wherein the desired     trait is selected from the group consisting of male sterility,     disease resistance, fungal resistance, pest resistance, herbicide     tolerance, abiotic stress tolerance, and altered metabolism. -   72. The use of embodiment 71 wherein the desired trait is herbicide     tolerance and the herbicide selected from, but not limited to, the     group consisting of glyphosate, glufosinate, imidazolinones, and     auxin analogues such as 2,4-D and dicamba. -   73. A cell of a plant of a Brassica carinata variety comprising a     desired trait, wherein the Brassica carinata variety is produced     from Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E by a method comprising     the steps of:     -   (a) crossing a plant of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E         with another Brassica carinata variety comprising the desired         trait;     -   (b) growing the resultant F1 hybrid seed and selecting one or         more progeny plants that have the desired trait;     -   (c) backcrossing the selected progeny plants that have the         desired trait with plants of Brassica carinata variety         AGR044-312E to produce backcross progeny plants; and     -   (d) growing seed from the resultant backcross progeny plants and         selecting backcross progeny plants that have the desired trait         and at least a portion of the genetic make up of Brassica         carinata variety AGR044-312E. -   74. The cell of embodiment 73, wherein the method to produce the     Brassica carinata variety further comprises repeating steps (c)     and (d) until the Brassica carinata variety has the desired trait     and the physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth     in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and     13, as determined at the 5% significance level, when grown in the     same location under the same environmental conditions as variety     AGR044-312E. -   75. A cell of a plant of a Brassica carinata variety produced from     variety AGR044-312E, wherein the Brassica carinata variety comprises     a desired trait, and wherein the Brassica carinata variety was     produced by a method comprising introducing a nucleic acid construct     conferring the desired trait into a plant, plant part, or cell of     variety AGR044-312E. -   76. The cell of embodiment 75, wherein the nucleic acid construct is     introduced using polyethylene glycol (PEG) mediated uptake,     electroporation, ballistic infiltration using nucleic acid coated     microprojectiles (gene gun), an Agrobacterium infiltration-based     vector, or a plant virus-based vector. -   77. The cell of embodiment 75 or 76, wherein the nucleic acid     construct comprises a transgene, an RNAi construct, or an antisense     RNA construct. -   78. The cell of any one of embodiments 75 to 77, wherein the     Brassica carinata variety produced from variety AGR044-312E     comprises the desired trait and the physiological and/or     morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1,     2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13, as determined at the 5%     significance level, when grown in the same location under the same     environmental conditions as variety AGR044-312E. -   79. A cell of a plant of a Brassica carinata variety produced from     variety AGR044-312E, wherein the Brassica carinata variety comprises     a desired trait, and wherein the Brassica carinata variety was     produced by a method comprising the steps of:     -   (a) crossing a plant of variety AGR044-312E with a plant of         another Brassica carinata variety comprising the desired trait;     -   (b) growing the resultant F1 hybrid seed and selecting one or         more progeny plants that have the desired trait;     -   (c) self-pollinating the progeny plants that have the desired         trait to produce further progeny plants;     -   (d) growing the resultant further progeny plants and selecting         further progeny plants that have the desired trait and at least         a portion of the genetic make up of Brassica carinata variety         AGR044-312E. -   80. The cell of embodiment 79, wherein steps (c) and (d) are     repeated until the Brassica carinata variety produced from variety     AGR044-312E has the desired trait and the physiological and/or     morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1,     2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13, as determined at the 5%     significance level, when grown in the same location under the same     environmental conditions as variety AGR044-312E. -   81. A cell of a plant of a Brassica carinata variety produced from     variety AGR044-312E, wherein the Brassica carinata variety comprises     a desired trait, and wherein the Brassica carinata variety was     produced by a method comprising the steps of:     -   (a) crossing a plant of variety AGR044-312E with a plant of         another Brassica carinata variety comprising the desired trait;     -   (b) growing the resultant F1 hybrid seed and selecting one or         more progeny plants that have the desired trait;     -   (c) backcrossing the selected progeny plants that have the         desired trait with plants of from the Brassica carinata plant of         embodiment 2 to produce backcross progeny seed; and     -   (d) growing the resultant backcross progeny seed and selecting         backcross progeny plants that have the desired trait and at         least a portion of the genetic make up of Brassica carinata         variety AGR044-312E. -   82. The cell of embodiment 81, wherein steps (c) and (d) are     repeated until the Brassica carinata variety produced from variety     AGR044-312E has the desired trait and the physiological and/or     morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1,     2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13, as determined at the 5%     significance level, when grown in the same location under the same     environmental conditions as variety AGR044-312E. -   83. A cell of a plant of a Brassica carinata variety produced from     variety AGR044-312E, wherein the Brassica carinata variety comprises     a new trait and is produced by a method comprising exposing     seedlings or microspores to a mutagenic agent and allowing the     surviving fraction to develop into mature plants. -   84. The cell of embodiment 83, wherein the mutagenic agent is ethyl     methanesulfonate, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea, or x-ray, gamma or     ultraviolet radiation. -   85. A cell of a plant of a Brassica carinata variety comprising a     desired trait, wherein the Brassica carinata variety is produced by     a method comprising:     -   (a) crossing a plant of variety AGR044-312E with a plant of         another Brassicaceae species comprising the desired trait;     -   (b) producing F1 plants using embryo rescue techniques to         recover viable F1 plants from the cross or growing F1 seeds;     -   (c) self-pollinating the F1 plants that have the desired trait         and carinata character;     -   (d) producing F2 plants using embryo rescue techniques to         recover viable F1 plants from the cross or growing F2 seeds;     -   (e) self-pollinating the F2 plants that have the desired trait         and carinata character;     -   (f) producing progeny plants using embryo rescue techniques to         recover viable F3 plants or growing F3 seeds;     -   (g) self-pollinating the progeny plants that have the desired         trait and carinata character to produce further progeny plants;         and     -   (h) selecting the progeny plants with the desired trait and         carinata character. -   86. The cell of embodiment 85, wherein steps (g) and (h) are     repeated until the Brassica carinata variety produced from variety     AGR044-312E has the desired trait and the physiological and/or     morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1,     2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13, as determined at the 5%     significance level, when grown in the same location under the same     environmental conditions as variety AGR044-312E. -   87. The cell of any one of embodiments 73 to 86, wherein the desired     trait is selected from the group consisting of male sterility,     disease resistance, fungal resistance, pest resistance, herbicide     tolerance, abiotic stress tolerance, and altered metabolism. -   88. The cell of embodiment 87, wherein the desired trait is     herbicide tolerance and the herbicide is selected from, but not     limited to, the group consisting of glyphosate, glufosinate,     imidazolinones, and auxin analogues such as 2,4-D and dicamba. -   89. Use of a plant of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E to     produce a commercial crop. -   90. Use of a plant of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E to     produce a commercial plant product. -   91. The use of embodiment 90, wherein the commercial plant product     comprises oil, meal, protein isolate, or biofumigant. -   92. A method for producing a group of cultivated plants of Brassica     carinata variety AGR044-312E in a field, wherein harmful     microorganisms are controlled by the application of a composition     comprising one or more microbiocidal ingredient. -   93. The method of embodiment 92, wherein the one or more     microbiocidal ingredient is selected from the group comprising     iprodione, prothiaconazole vinclozolin, boscalid, carbathiin,     thiram, difenoconazole, metalaxyl, sedaxane, fludioxonil, penflufen,     trifloxystrobin, and sedaxane. -   94. The method of embodiment 93, wherein the composition comprising     one or more microbiocidal ingredient is applied as a seed treatment     or seed coating. -   95. A method for producing a group of cultivated plants of Brassica     carinata variety AGR044-312E in a field, wherein insect pests are     controlled by the application of a composition comprising one or     more insecticidal ingredient. -   96. The method of embodiment 95, wherein the insecticidal ingredient     is applied as a seed treatment or foliar treatment. -   97. A method for cleaning seed of Brassica carinata variety     AGR044-312E, or seed from a plant produced from Brassica carinata     variety AGR044-312E, to remove foreign material from the surface of     the seed. -   98. A method for cleaning seed of Brassica carinata variety     AGR044-312E, or seed from a plant produced from Brassica carinata     variety AGR044-312E, to remove any debris or low quality, infested,     or infected seeds, or seeds of different species.

Definitions

In the following description and tables, many terms are used. To aid in a clear and consistent understanding of the specification, the following definitions and evaluation criteria are provided.

Abiotic stress is defined as the negative impact of non-living factors on the living organisms in a specific environment. Examples of abiotic stress include, but are not limited to, drought, water-logging or flooding, extreme temperatures, extreme salinity, and mineral toxicity.

Agronomic practice refers to any of a set of cultivation practices or techniques that attempt to maximize the health and productivity of a crop. The agronomic practices used are an important factor in interpreting results from field studies of various kinds.

Allele refers to one or more alternative forms of a gene locus that relate to one trait. Diploid organisms, i.e., organisms with two sets of chromosomes, have one copy of each gene (and therefore, one allele) on each chromosome. If both the alleles are the same, they are homozygous. If the alleles are different, they are heterozygous.

Alternaria resistance is typically rated on a scale from 0-5; 0=no symptoms were observed, 1=indicates infection of pods only, 2=disease prevalence on 25% of upper plant, 3=50% prevalence, 4=75% prevalence, and 5=disease symptoms are seen throughout entire plant and considered severer

Average refers to the arithmetic mean. “Substantially equivalent” or “statistically equivalent” refers to a characteristic that, when compared, does not show a statistically significant difference from the mean. In contrast, “statistically different” or “statistical significance” refers to a characteristic that, when compared, shows statistically significant differences from means of the same characteristic of another group or groups. Most often, statistical significance of differences is measured at levels of P<0.05 using standard tests to compare Least Square Means, such as Tukey's HSD or Student's t-test.

Backcrossing means a traditional breeding technique used to introduce a trait to a plant line or variant from a donor plant to a recurrent plant. An initial cross is made between the donor and recurrent parent plants to produce progeny plants. Progeny plants having the desired trait are then crossed to the recurrent parent. This process of backcrossing is repeated for several breeding cycles until the progeny plants are indistinguishable from the recurrent parent, except for the trait from the donor parent.

Breeding line (or Plant line) refers to a unique, reproducible carinata type, and is distinguishable from other carinata types based on its genotype and phenotype. Most often, a breeding line refers to a type that is mostly or completely homozygous, such as a DH line or a highly inbred line (five or more generations inbred).

Carinata refers to seeds or plants of the species Brassica carinata containing both the B genome from Brassica nigra and the C genome from Brassica oleracea (Nagahuru, 1935). The terms “Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E”, “carinata variety AGR044-312E”, “variety AGR044-312E”, and “AGR044-312E” are used interchangeably herein and refer to a plant of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB Accession number 42996.

Check variety (or Check line) are carinata genotypes considered to be the standard for overall performance, or for a specified trait, in a given growing region. Often, the current commercial varieties are used as check lines for the regions in which they are grown, and this is the standard against which new potential varieties are tested. Examples of useful commercial check varieties include, but are not limited to, Brassica carinata varieties AAC-A120 and AGR044-312D-HP11 (W02017/181276A1; henceforth referred to as “AGR044-HP11” or “HP11”)

Days to Flowering (initiation of flowering) refers to the number of days from planting until 50% of the plants in a planted area have at least one open flower.

Depth of canopy, measured in cm, is the distance from the first incidence of pods on a plant (average within a plot) to the top of the pod canopy.

Diploid refers to cell or a plant with two sets of chromosomes. One set comes from each parent.

Double Haploid, Doubled Haploid, Doubled Haploidy (DH) refers to a haploid cell or plant that has undergone a doubling of its chromosomes to produce a functional diploid.

Duration of flowering is the number of days between the initiation of flowering and end of flowering.

Early (season) vigour is a rating, usually on a scale of 1 to 7, that reflects how a variety develops in its early stages (about 4 weeks after seed) in terms of putting on leaf area and competing with weeds. Typically, experimental varieties or lines are compared with a check variety or line, which is rated as a “4”. A new variety with slightly more leaf cover and advanced development would be rated a “5”, or more significantly a “6”, and so forth. 1=significantly less than check variety; 7=significantly greater uniformity than check variety.

End of flowering is the number of days from planting to when approximately 90% of flowers have lost their petals.

Erucic Acid content is the weight percentage (wt %) of fatty acids in the form of C22:1 among all major fatty acid types found in carinata. Most often, this is estimated by Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) of mature seeds at less than 6% moisture. The NIR is calibrated using a large array of samples whose fatty acid profile is determined by American Oil Chemists Society (AOCS) Official Method Cel-66 Fatty Acid Composition by Gas Chromatography. This is one of the official methods recommended by the Western Canada Canola/Rapeseed Recommending Committee (WCC/RCC).

Extent of branching refers to the number of pod-bearing secondary branches (racemes) off the main stem. This is often estimated using an average of at least eight plants per breeding line.

Embryo Rescue techniques refers to in vitro techniques whose purpose is to promote the development of an immature or weak embryo into a viable plant. This methodology is commonly used to rescue viable embryos from crosses between different but closely related species, i.e., interspecific crosses.

Fatty acid content means the typical percentages by weight of fatty acids present in the endogenously formed oil of the mature whole dried seeds, as determined by Near Infrared Spectroscopy at less than 6% seed moisture. The NIR is calibrated using a large array of samples whose fatty acid profile is determined by American Oil Chemists Society (AOCS) Official Method Cel-66 Fatty Acid Composition by Gas Chromatography. This is one of the official methods recommended by the Western Canada Canola/Rapeseed Recommending Committee (WCC/RCC). Aside from erucic acid (C22:1), the most significantly occurring fatty acids in carinata are oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), linolenic acid (C18:3), and eicosenoic acid (C20:1).

Flower Petal Colouration means the colouration of open exposed petals on the first day that flowering is observed. In carinata, varieties are most often categorized as either W=White or Y=Yellow. Occasionally, for varieties with a very light yellow colour, a third category will be employed: PY=Pale Yellow.

Frost tolerance means the ability of young plants to withstand frosts in areas where carinata is grown during the winter season. These frosts are most likely to occur from the five-leaf to early bolting plant development stages, depending on time of planting. This is typically measured 3-5 days following a hard frost event and rated using a scale of visual percentage of injury (leaf bleaching and death); where “0” is no injury and “10” is 100% plant damage, and each successive number indicates an additional 10% injury to leaf and stem tissue.

Gene silencing means the interruption or suppression of the expression of a gene at the level of transcription or translation.

Genotype refers to the genetics or DNA sequence of individual carinata lines, as opposed to their actual appearance, which is called the phenotype.

Glucosinolate (GSL) content means the total glucosinolate content of mature seed at less than 6% moisture, given in units of μmol/g, as analyzed using Near Infrared Spectroscopy. In carinata, the majority of glucosinolate content is in the form of sinigrin (chemical name: allylglucosinolate or 2-propenylglucosinolate). Most often, the total glucosinolate content of seeds is estimated by Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) of mature seeds at less than 6% moisture. The NIR is calibrated using a large array of samples with known GSL content determined previously by one or more methods known in the art including, but not limited to, gas chromatography of TMS-derivatives, and HPLC of desulfoglucosinolates.

Grain means the seed produced by carinata crops that are intended for processing for oil or feed uses. This is in contrast with parent seed or planting seed, which is intended for growth of another generation of plants.

Growing Degree Days refers to the accumulation of heat units above a base temperature over time and is often strongly correlated with rate of plant development. The daily GDD units are calculated by subtracting the average temperature (° C.) (average of daily maximum and minimum temperature) from the baseline of 5° C. These units accumulate beginning the day after planting.

Growing Environment refers to a particular area (typically grouped by geography) or controlled environment where plants are grown and evaluated. Expression of various characteristics or traits, such as plant height or days to maturity, can be greatly influenced by the environment in which it is grown. This is also commonly known as Genotype x Environment interaction, or G x E.

Haploid refers to a plant, or a cell of a plant, that has only one set of chromosomes. Haploid plants can be produced artificially, and their single set of chromosomes can be doubled to produce a doubled haploid.

Height of first pod, measured in cm, refers to the distance from ground level to the first incidence of pods on a plant (average within a plot).

Herbicide Resistance means the resistance to various herbicides when that herbicide is applied at standard recommended application rates and timing; and is expressed on a scale of 0 to 10; where “0” is no symptoms, and a rating of “10” means entire plant is brown and curled. Each successive number indicates approximately 10% more damage or effect of herbicide on the plant: a rating of “2” indicates several leaves with slight yellowing and curl, “4” is several yellowing or dying leaves and more noticeable curl, “6” is a greater number and severity of yellowing, curling, and dead leaves, and “8” indicates that most leaves are completely yellow or dead.

Hybrid variety or F1 hybrid refers to the seeds harvested from crossing two inbred (nearly homozygous) parental lines. This is most often accomplished in carinata through the development of inbred parents using the Ogura pollination control system, where one parent is functionally male sterile (CMS or A-line) and the other restores fertility to the F1 hybrid (Rf or R-line).

Leaf colour means the colour of the leaf blade of lower leaves at the late bolting to early flowering stages (on a plot basis). A categorical scale is most often used, where DG=Dark green; G=Green; LG=Light green; BG=Bluish green.

Leaf glaucosity refers to the presence or absence of a fine whitish powdery coating on the surface of the leaves, and the degree thereof, when present. Numerical scale used to rate this trait: 3=weak, 5=medium, 7=strong.

Leaf Length is the total length of the leaf from attachment of the petiole to the stem, to the tip of the blade, measured in cm, of lower leaves at the late bolting to early flowering stages. It is estimated using an average of measurements from at least 30 plants.

Leaf number of Lobes means the frequency of leaf lobes, when present, of lower leaves at the late bolting to early flowering stages. 3=few, 5=medium, 7=many.

Leaf Width is the width, in cm, of the widest part of the leaf blade of lower leaves at the late bolting to early flowering stages. It is estimated using an average of measurements from at least 30 plants.

Locus refers to a specific location in a chromosome.

Lodging, is the displacement of stems from their vertical and proper placement, observed as extent to which plants of a given variety remain upright; upright plants are easier to harvest with harvesting equipment. In some trials, lodging is measured on a scale of 1-5, where 1=significantly less lodging than check variety; 5=significantly greater lodging than check variety. In other trials, lodging is measured on a scale of 1-7, where 1=plot flat on the ground; 2=most of plot on ground; 3=75% lodged; 4=50% lodged; 5=25% lodged; 6=only slight lodging/stem bending noticed; 7=no lodging.

Maturity may be determined based on Seed Maturity, Physiological Maturity or both.

Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) refers to a non-destructive, spectrometric method commonly used to assess seed quality parameters in grain producing crops. Estimates of total seed oil content and fatty acid profile, as well as total glucosinolate and protein content on a whole seed basis, are examples of parameters for which NIR is commonly employed.

Number of seed-bearing pods is determined by counting the number of pods containing at least one viable seed on the main raceme, as measured in at least eight plants of the same line at full pod set stage.

Oil content means the typical percentage by weight (wt %) of oil present in the mature whole dried seeds, at less than 6% moisture, as determined near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy (AOCS Procedure Am 1-92 Determination of Oil, Moisture and Volatile Matter, and Protein by Near-Infrared Reflectance).

Open-pollinated (OP) variety refers to varieties that are maintained and propagated primarily by means of self-pollination, and for which the next generation will be largely equivalent to the previous.

Pedicel Length is the typical length of the silique stem observed when mature, measured in mm, for 30 pods taken per plot, from pods occurring on mid-third of the main raceme.

Petiole Length is the length of the petiole, measured in cm, from attachment of the petiole to the stem, to the start of the leaf blade, as observed in lower leaves at the late bolting to early flowering stages.

Phenotype refers to the outward appearance or manifestation of given traits of varieties, individual plants, or plant parts (such as leaves or seeds).

Physiological maturity means the number of days from planting to the stage when pods with seed change colour, from green to a dry tan look and when about 70-80% of stems and pods dry-down, corresponding to stages 90 and beyond of the BBCH scale (Meier, et al., 2009).

Plant includes the whole plant, or any plant parts such as plant organs, plant cells, plant protoplasts, plant cell cultures, or plant tissue cultures form which whole plants can be regenerated, plant callus, plant cell clumps, plant transplants, seedlings, plant cells that are intact in plants, plant clones or micropropagations.

Plant height means the overall plant height from ground level to the average of the top of the plant canopy, in cm, taken between mid-flowering and full pod-set stages of plant development.

Plant length is the length of the plant, in cm, measured at maturity. For this trait, it is typically an average 30 or more plants measured individually from the same variety.

Plant part includes, but is not limited to, harvested tissues, fruits, organs, plant cuttings, vegetative propagations, embryos, pollen, ovules, flowers, leaves, fruits, fruit flesh, seeds, clonally propagated plants, roots, stems, stalks, root tips, grafts, parts of any of these and the like, or derivatives thereof, preferably having the same genetic makeup (or very similar genetic make up) as the plant from which it is obtained. Plant part also includes any developmental stage, such as seedlings, cutting prior or after rooting, mature and/or immature plants, or mature and/or immature leaves.

Ploidy refers to the number of sets of chromosomes exhibited by the line, for example, diploid (two sets) or tetraploid (four sets).

Plot refers to a group of carinata plants, grown in one or multiple rows of varying lengths, which is often used as the basic unit of measurement for a number of traits. These are often, but not always, associated with replicated yield trials.

Pod shatter loss is the amount of seed lost from shattered pods at harvest; seeds are collected in three 7″×13″ pans placed 3′ from either end or at center of each plot and converted to kg/ha.

Pod shatter resistance, or shatter resistance, means the resistance to silique shattering observed at seed maturity. 1=not tested, 3=poor, 5=fair, 7=good, 9—does not shatter.

Pod (silique) Beak length, measured in mm, for 30 pods taken per plot, from pods occurring on mid-third of the main raceme.

Pod (silique) length is the length of the pod not including the pedicel or beak, measured in mm, for 30 pods per plot taken from the mid-third of the main raceme.

Pod (silique) width is the typical pod width when mature, for 30 pods per plot taken from the mid-third of the main raceme. Rating scale is typically categorical: 3=narrow; 5=medium, 7=broad.

Primary raceme length, measured in cm, means the measurement of the main raceme from the last (youngest) branch to the top of the inflorescence. This measurement often taken from end flowering to full pod set stage of plant development.

Progeny refers to plants derived from a plant of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E. Progeny may be derived by regeneration of cell culture or tissue culture of a plant of carinata variety AGR044-312E, self-pollination of a plant designated AGR044-312E, crossing at least one plant of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E with a plant of another variety or line of Brassica carinata or other Brassicaceae species, or by producing seeds of a plant of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E.

Protein content means the typical percentage by weight (wt %) of protein in the oil-free meal of the mature whole dried seeds, at less than 6% moisture, analyzed using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy (AOCS Procedure Am 1-92 Determination of Oil, Moisture and Volatile Matter, and Protein by Near-Infrared Reflectance).

Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) is the most common experimental design used in standard replicated yield testing, typically consisting of four replications of various breeding lines or varieties, having the complete set of entries arranged in different randomizations for each replication.

Recovery from frost damage, is assessed by rating the same plots at a couple additional time points beyond the initial rating, often at two and three weeks following a hard frost event.

Regeneration means the development of a plant from cell culture or tissue culture or vegetative propagation.

Replication refers to a series of ratings or observations, taken from different plots or samples of the same variety, breeding line, or trait thereof, from plants grown at the same location or within a given set of trials. Replicated measurements are critical for greater accuracy in statistical analysis.

Resistance means the ability of a plant to withstand exposure to an insect, disease, herbicide or other potentially stress-inducing condition. A resistant plant variety or hybrid will have a level of resistance higher than a comparable check variety or hybrid.

Saturated Fatty Acids refer to Fatty Acids in which carbon chains are linked by single bonds; they lack unsaturated links between carbon atoms. The Saturated Fatty Acid content of oil in the seed is

Sclerotinia resistance is typically rated on a scale from 0-5; 0=no symptoms were observed, 1=infection of pods only, 2=disease prevalence on 25% of upper plant, 3=50% prevalence, 4=75% prevalence, and 5=disease symptoms are seen throughout entire plant and considered severe.

Seed colour (NIR), means the seed coat colour of typical mature seeds based on NIR analysis. For this objective measurement, the colour of an aggregate sample of seed (1-5 g of seed) is determined by using the FOS XBR, or equivalent, near infrared spectrophotometer as a reflectance spectrophotometer over the visible range (400 nm to 700 nm) to provide an objective description of the carinata seed color, essentially as described (Black and Panozzo, 2004) except that seed color is described in terms of the Hunter L*A*B* color space rather than CIEL*A*B* color space.

Seed colour (visual), is a subjective categorization of the predominant seed coat colour at seed maturity for a given variety or breeding line. These are generally grouped into the following categories: Y=Yellow or bright yellow; DY=Dark yellow; LB=Light brown; B=Brown; DB=Dark brown; 0=Orange.

Seed Maturity refers to number of days from planting to the stage when 70-80% seeds on main raceme had seeds with complete colour change and hard when pressed between fingers.

Seeds per pod, means the average number of seeds per pod, in at least 30 pods taken from the mid-third of the main stalk.

Seed weight (thousand seed weight, or TKW), means the weight, in grams, of 1,000 typical seeds determined at maturity, as measured at a seed moisture content of approximately 5-6%.

Self-pollination or “selfing” means the self-pollination of a plant by transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma of the same plant. Carinata is a self-compatible species, meaning there are no genetic or physiological impediments to successful self-pollination.

Stand is the number of plants counted in 4 rows and converted to plants/m². Recorded 2-4 days before harvest.

Stem colour refers to the predominant stem colour at bolting stage, depending on levels of anthocyanin manifest in the stem. This is generally categorical, characterized as G=Green; LP=Light Purple; and P=Purple or dark purple.

Tissue culture refers to a composition comprising isolated cells of the same or a different type or a collection of such cells organized into part of a plant. This technique is an integral part of breeding techniques such as doubled haploidy, whereby new diploid plants of a unique, homozygous genetic composition are generated in lab conditions to the point where normal plant growth can occur in the field or in a greenhouse.

Tolerance is commonly used in the context of plants affected by abiotic stress, diseases, or pests and is used to describe an improved level of field resistance.

Traditional plant breeding techniques include, but are not limited to, crossing, selfing, selection, double haploid production, embryo rescue, marker assisted selection, mutation breeding, backcross breeding, single seed descent, and any other method known to the breeder other than genetic modification and transformation/transgenic methods, by which a genetically heritable trait can be transferred from one carinata line or variety to another, or traits of interest fixed in one genetic background.

Trait introgression refers to plants within a variety have been modified in a manner that retains the overall genetics of the variety and further comprises one or more loci with a specific desired trait, such as male sterility, disease, or herbicide resistance. Backcrossing followed by inbreeding or DH line generation is a common methodology to achieve this objective. Using this technique, one or more value added traits may be introduced into a single carinata variety.

Transgene means a genetic locus comprising a DNA sequence which has been introduced into the genome of a Brassica carinata plant by transformation. A plant comprising a transgene stably integrated into its genome is referred to as a transgenic plant.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In one aspect, the present invention relates to cells, seeds, plants, and plant parts of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E, alternatively “carinata variety AGR044-312E”, “variety AGR044-312E”, or “AGR044-312E”, for which a representative sample of the seed has been deposited under NCIMB Accession number 42996.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to Brassica carinata plant or plant part produced or derived from seeds, plants, and plant parts of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E, as well as to all progeny of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E produced by one or more breeding, mutagenesis, tissue culture, or genetic modification techniques and having essentially all the physiological and morphological characteristics of a plant or plant part of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E when grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions as variety AGR044-312E.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to Brassica carinata plant or plant part produced or derived from seeds, plants, and plant parts of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E, as well as to all progeny of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E produced by one or more breeding, mutagenesis, tissue culture, or genetic modification techniques and having the physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13, as determined at the 5% significance level, when grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions as Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E.

The present invention also relates to any plants produced or derived from seeds, plants, and plant parts of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E, that exhibit “carinata character”.

For the purpose of the present invention, plants exhibiting “carinata character” have an erect, upright bearing, are highly branching, with well-developed and aggressive tap root systems (Barro and Martín, 1999). Leaves are generally wide elliptic in shape with weak-medium dentation, medium glaucosity, and very sparse pubescence. Seeds are globose, 1-1.5 mm in diameter and finely reticulated (Mnzava and Schippers, 2004) and vary from yellow to yellow-brown to brown in colour (Getinet 1987; Rahman and Tahir, 2010).

Plants exhibiting “carinata character” may be produced from the seed of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E; a representative sample of the seed has been deposited under NCIMB Accession number 42996 or from any cell, plant or plant part produced from the seed of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E, using one or more (conventional) plant breeding technologies, cell culture or tissue culture technologies, and/or transgenic technologies.

Plant Breeding Technologies

Critical to the development and breeding of any crop is the ability to make use of genotypic and phenotypic diversity. Breeding strategies make use of the plant's method of pollination: self-pollination, where the pollen from one flower is transferred to the same or another flower on the same plant or a genetically identical plant; sib-pollination, when individuals with the same family or line are used for pollination; or cross-pollination, where the pollen comes from a flower on a genetically different plant from a different family or line.

For practical application, a breeder initially selects and crosses two or more parental lines, followed by repeated selfing and selection to produce many unique genetic combinations. For a newly developing crop such as carinata, it is necessary to be able to obtain a sufficient pool of genetic material to identify genetic backgrounds more adapted to target geographies (i.e. a better starting point), as well as variation for traits of interest. This allows for crossing or other modifications to be done to identify genetic combinations superior to the types already tested. Thus, an important initial objective is the collection and characterization of as large of a collection of genetic backgrounds as possible, for each target geography. Parental lines are selected based on breeding priorities and the unique combination of traits available in potential crossing parents. The selection of parents of these crosses is critical to the effectiveness of a breeding program. Parental lines may be closely or distantly related lines of a single plant species or may be two different species of the same genus.

Crossing, of (inbred) parental lines, by sexual hybridization, is typically done manually in controlled conditions. Often, two or three rounds of crossing are needed to accumulate beneficial alleles into a single genetic background. This includes evaluating offspring of a cross, selecting the most desirable (inbred) lines as future parents, and making the next round of parental selection based on priority targets. Theoretically, billions of different genetic combinations can be produced through a combination of mutagenesis, selfing, and crossing. Since the breeder has no direct control at the cellular level, two breeders will never independently develop the same variety of carinata plants have the same traits.

In each cycle of selection and evaluation, the breeder selects germplasm to advance to the next generation by growing individual plants in the chosen geography, soil and climate conditions and collecting phenotypic data reflective of actual performance that would be realized by a seed producer. Traits collected focus on those that would be of agronomic or economic benefit in the crop. Examples of traits characterized in a carinata breeding program include, but are not limited to, early plant vigor, plant height, branching habit, days to flower, silique density, flower petal color, pod size, reaction to heat and water stress, disease susceptibility, and pod shatter tolerance.

In a typical carinata breeding program, the breeder initially selects and crosses two or more parental Brassica carinata lines, followed by repeated selfing and selection to produce many unique genetic combinations, which are evaluated for overall agronomic potential as well as specific traits. Such recurrent selection can be used to improve a population of either self—or cross—pollinating Brassica. Intercrossing of several parents creates a genetically variable population of heterozygous individuals and the best plants are selected based on individual superiority, outstanding progeny and/or excellent combining ability. New populations are created by further intercrossing and selection. This method is useful for the improvement of quantitatively inherited traits controlled by numerous genes.

Backcrossing may be used to transfer genes for a simply inherited, highly heritable trait from a donor parent to the recurrent parent. After the initial cross, individual plants with the desired trait of the donor parent are selected and backcrossed to the recurrent parent for several generations. The resulting progeny are expected to have the attributes of the recurrent parent and the desired trait from the donor parent. Backcrossing may be used in conjunction with pedigree breeding. Pedigree breeding and recurrent selection methods are used to develop varieties from breeding populations. Pedigree breeding starts with the crossing of two genotypes, each with one or more desirable characteristics that is lacking in the other or that complement each other. Additional genotypes can be included in the breeding population if the original parents do not provide all the desired characteristics. In the pedigree method of breeding, five or more generations of selfing and selection may be used. For example, crossing of the two initial parents (the donor and recurrent parents) produces an initial F1 population, from which an F2 population is produced by selfing one or several F1 plants or by intercrossing two F1 plants (sib mating). Selection of hybrids with desired combination of traits may be conducted with the F2 population, or with the F3 or subsequent population.

Plants that have been self-pollinated and selected for several generations become homozygous at nearly all gene loci and produce a uniform population of breeding progeny or inbred lines. Subsequent crosses with two different homozygous (inbred) lines produces a uniform population of hybrid plants that may be heterozygous for many gene loci. Crossing two plants each heterozygous at a number of gene loci will produce a population that differ genetically and will not be uniform.

Doubled haploid (or DH) technology allows for the generation of completely homozygous lines, which are a combination of genes of the parental lines, in a single generation. This accelerates the process of inbred line development dramatically as the process from seeding of parental lines to obtaining seed for a resulting inbred population from those parents will generally take about 18 months. To achieve a highly homozygous line using traditional self-pollination generally will take five or six growth cycles which, in the case of carinata, would represent three years or six growth cycles, with two cycles completed per year. In DH technology, using appropriate in vitro conditions, haploid microspores from an F1 plant can be induced to differentiate into diploid embryos and subsequently plantlets. This technique typically relies on a percentage of regenerated plants to undergo spontaneous doubling (usually in the range of 20 to 60% of plants, depending on several factors), whereas the remaining plants will remain haploid and sterile. To increase the efficiency of space used for seed increase, such as in the greenhouse or field, a flow cytometer is used to distinguish at an early stage the chromosome content “n” or “2n” of each plant. Thus, the sterile plants can be discarded at an early stage.

In some instances, a desirable trait may not reside within the species of interest, specifically Brassica carinata. In that case, it may be possible to transfer the trait via interspecific or wide crossing. For interspecific crossing, one parent is Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E and the second parent may be a different species of Brassica, including but not limited to B. juncea (L). Czern. (brown mustard), B. napus L. (rape, Argentine canola), B. nigra (L.) W. D. J. Koch (black mustard), B. rapa L. (field mustard, Polish canola), and B. oleracea L. (cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, kohlrabi and kale). In other instances, the other Brassicaceae species including but not limited to Brassica alba, Brassica hirta, Brassica juncea, Brassica napus, Brassica nigra, Brassica oleracea, Brassica rapa, Sinapus alba, and Camelina sativa.

The methodology for performing interspecific crosses is similar to that described for within-species crosses described above. However, unlike intraspecific crosses, the likelihood that the resulting progeny will produce viable seed is very low and thus represents a formidable challenge to the success of this technique. To overcome this potential block, embryo rescue techniques are often employed to recover viable offspring from the cross. Essentially, this relies on the progeny surviving until the embryogenic stage at which point it can be dissected from the silique and placed into artificial growth medium. Under appropriate conditions, the cultured embryo can survive and be induced to differentiate into a plantlet, which can be grown into a mature plant. Successive rounds of embryo rescue may be needed until inbred progeny, or backcross-derived progeny, are stable and can produce fertile offspring without intervention. Often molecular markers, where available, are used to trace a specific allele from a related species into an adapted background in the target species, using repeated cycles of backcrossing.

In addition, to minimize the relative proportion of the donor genome from the non-carinata species, several rounds of back-crossing of the rescued plants with the Brassica carinata parent may be required to generate progeny having carinata character and the desired trait, which are stable and can produce fertile offspring.

Selection

Breeding nurseries are often the first cycle of evaluation of breeding populations. Generally, nurseries utilize single or paired rows with frequent checks (i.e. the best available commercial germplasm for a specified geography.

Various methods are used to screen breeding populations for individual plants with desired characteristics. Single seed descent procedure refers to planting a segregating population, harvesting a sample of one seed per plant, and using the one-seed sample to plant the next generation. When the population has advanced from the F2 to the desired level of inbreeding, the plants from which lines are derived will each trace to different F2 individuals. Since the number of plants in a population declines each generation due to failure of some seeds to germinate or produce seed, not all the F2 plants will be represented by a progeny in the final generation.

A multiple-seed procedure is when pods form each plant in a population are harvested and threshed together to form a bulk. Part of the bulk is used to plant the next generation and part is put in reserve. The advantage of this method is that it is faster to harvest seed with a machine than to remove one seed from each plant by hand. If desired, Double(d) Haploid methods can be used to extract homogeneous (homozygous) lines.

Marker Assisted Selection and Marker Assisted Breeding

A breeding program can make use of marker assisted selection (MAS) and marker assisted breeding (MAB) technologies to accelerate the successful outcome of a breeding project. These techniques enable the identification of lines carrying a trait of interest in the laboratory, while other lines not containing a marker of interest can then be discarded at an early stage. These methods can also increase the efficiency of a program, as the lines being evaluated in the field have a greater probability of meeting seed quality or other criteria. MAS and MAB methods rely on the existence of a dense set of genetic markers for the species of interest. Genetic markers are the unique sequences that may be found in allelic forms of genes, distinguishing one allele from another. Like genes themselves, they can be transmitted to progeny in a Mendelian fashion and can thus be used to follow the movement of specific alleles from parents to progeny.

Molecular markers can be used in Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) mapping whereby selection of plants with desired trait(s) is assisted by markers known to be closely linked to alleles that have measurable effects on a quantitative trait—i.e., accumulation of markers linked to positive effecting alleles or elimination of markers linked to negative effecting alleles in the plant genome. Markers can also be used to select for the genome of the recurrent parent and against the markers of the donor parent. This can minimize the amount of genome from a donor parent that remains in the selected plants and/or the number of back crosses to the recurrent patent.

Other types of genetic markers in common use by persons skilled in the art include, but are not limited to, Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP), Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP), Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs), and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs).

Mutagenesis

Another method of creating genetic variation and capturing beneficial changes in a heritable fashion is through mutagenesis breeding. This method is often carried out via chemical means or ionizing radiation and is typically focused either on a microspore or on a whole seed level. In Brassica breeding, some common forms of mutagens used have been chemical agents such as ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) or N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU), or high levels of ionizing radiation (x-ray or gamma irradiation or exposure to UV light). EMS produces random point mutations via low frequency methylation of guanine residues in genomic DNA. This results in altered Watson-Crick base pairing such that the affected base pairing is converted from G-C to A-T. ENU is also an alkylating agent that preferentially modifies thymine residues converting A-T to G-C. Ionizing radiation may affect DNA in many ways but typically the mutations are double strand breaks leading to deletions and frameshift mutations that are frequently inactivating.

To carry out this technique, seedlings or microspores are exposed to the mutagenic agent and the surviving fraction are allowed to develop into mature plants. In some cases, the mutagenized plantlets or embryos (in the case of microspore mutagenesis) may be exposed to selection in order to enrich for a particular phenotype. For example, mutagenesis has been used to develop plants that are resistant to the actions of specific herbicides; in this instance the developing plantlets or microspores can be grown in vitro in the presence of the herbicide(s) of interest in order to select for those plants with the appropriate mutations conferring resistance. The advantage of the microspore mutagenesis of the seed approach is that the resultant DH plants can be used to derive pure and homozygous plant lines where all induced mutations, whether dominant or recessive, would be expressed. Mutagenesis has been used to develop Brassica varieties with resistance to various herbicides, altered seed oil profiles and increased tolerance to disease and abiotic stress.

Genetic Transformation and Transgenic Technologies

In instances where unique and valuable traits are known to be available in distant plant or in non-plant species that cannot be transferred to Brassica carinata via classical breeding, and where the genes for those traits have been cloned, a breeding program may employ genetic transformation techniques, or transgenic technologies, to stably transfer those genes into this species. Transfer of cloned genetic elements into B. carinata have been achieved via a number of means, including PEG-mediated DNA uptake into protoplasts (Johnson, et al., 1989), electroporation into protoplasts (Fromm, et al., 1985), ballistic infiltration using DNA coated microprojectiles (Finer, et al., 1999), Agrobacterium-based vector infiltration (Babic, et al., 1998), and infection using plant virus-based vectors (Gleba, et al., 2004). Aside from having the genes of interest in cloned form, the other requirements include having the genes cloned into a suitable vector to allow for their propagation in an appropriate bacterial system, as well as their packaging in appropriate viral and Agrobacterium strains if transformation utilizes an infectious route of transfer. Once transferred, the gene(s) of interest would also require appropriate plant-based promoters, enhancers and terminators to allow for the correct temporal and tissue specific pattern of expression for the heterologous gene. Finally, to select for those rare events where the heterologous gene expression unit has been successfully transferred into the plant genome, a selectable marker may be introduced, either physically linked to the heterologous gene of interest or co-transformed with the gene of interest at a suitable ratio to favor co-insertion.

The selectable marker may consist of a gene that can confer resistance to a particular herbicide or antibiotic that would otherwise kill the plant, a gene that may confer a growth advantage, a gene that may alter a response to plant hormones, or a gene that expresses a fluorescent protein that can allow transformed cells to be easily visualized. Examples of selectable markers conferring resistance to antibiotics that have been successfully used in Brassica transformation are the NPTII gene (Bevan 1984; Datla, et al., 1992), encoding an enzyme conferring resistance to the antibiotic kanamycin, and the HPT gene encoding an enzyme conferring resistance to the antibiotic Hygromycin (Rothstein, et al., 1987). Examples of selection markers based on conferring tolerance to herbicides and successfully used in Brassica transformation are the BAR (Thompson, et al., 1987) and PAT (Wohlleben, et al., 1988) gene products, which encode phosphinothicine acetyltransferase and confer resistance to glufosinate (bialaphos) or L-PPT, and the AHAS gene product encoding acetohydroxyacid synthase enzyme conferring resistance to imidazolinones (Miki, et al., 1990). Other plant selectable markers have been developed whose actions are not based on conferring resistance to toxic compounds per se but instead allow survival in the presence of nutrients not normally metabolized by the wildtype organism.

Transformation cannot only be used to introduce heterologous genes into the genome of carinata plants, it can also be used to introduce nucleic acid constructs that are designed to modulate the expression of endogenous genes. Nucleic acid constructs encoding antisense RNA or RNAi sequences (Tang and Galili, 2004) can be used to interfere or knock down the expression of endogenous genes to extremely low levels, simulating the effect of a null mutation at the endogenous locus. This of course relies on the continuous stable expression of the antisense RNA or RNAi to be effective. In amphidiploid Brassica species such as napus, juncea and carinata, multiple copies of genes from the contributing ancestral species may create a high level of functional redundancy such that a single mutation in one of the homologues may not be sufficient to confer a phenotype. However, by using an RNAi or antisense approach, where the interfering RNA is derived from conserved sequences, one may conceivably be capable of targeting all the expressed homologues and achieving a functional knockdown effect.

Examples of modifications that can be introduced into Brassica carinata using genetic transformation include, but are not limited to,

-   -   genes that control pollination, hybrid seed production, or         male-sterility;     -   genes encoding resistance to pathogens and insect pests (plant         disease resistance gene(s); gene(s) conferring resistance to         fungal pathogens; natural or synthetic Bacillus thuringiensis         (Bt) protein or a derivative thereof; an insect-specific hormone         or pheromone coach or a mimetic based thereon, or an antagonist         or agonist thereof; an insect-specific peptide that disrupts the         physiology of the affected pest; an enzyme responsible for         hyperaccumulation of a non-protein molecule with insecticidal         activity; a membrane permease, a channel former or a channel         blocker; a viral-invasive protein or a complex toxin derived         therefrom; an insect-specific antibody or an immunotoxin derived         therefrom; genes involved in the Systemic Acquired Resistance         (SAR) Response and/or the pathogenesis related genes; antifungal         genes; detoxification genes, such as for fumonisin, beauvericin,         moniliformin, and zearalenone, and their structurally related         derivatives; cystatin and cysteine protease inhibitors; Defensin         genes; genes that confer resistance to Phytophora Root Rot, such         as the Brassica equivalents of the Rps 1, Rps 1-a, Rps 1-b, Rps         1-c, Rps 1-d, Rps 1-e, Rps 1-k, Rps 2, Rps 3-a, Rps 3-b, Rps         3-c, Rps 4, Rps 5, Rps 6, Rps 7, and other Rps genes);     -   genes that confer resistance to a herbicide (mutant ALS and AHAS         enzymes to confer resistance to imidazolinone or sulfonylurea         herbicides; mutant 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase         (EPSP) and aroA genes conferring resistance to glyphosate;         phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT) and Streptomyces         hydroscopicus phosphinothricin-acetyl transferase (BAR)         conferring resistance to other phosphono compounds such as         glufosinate; ACCase inhibitor-encoding genes conferring         resistance to pyridinoxy or phenoxy propionic acids and         cyclohexones; pabA and gs+ genes conferring resistance to         triazine; nitrilase gene conferring resistance to benzonitrile;         acetohydroxy acid synthase, which has been found to make plants         resistant to multiple types of herbicide);     -   genes that confer or contribute to altered fatty acids         (down-regulation of stearoyl-ACP desaturase to increase stearic         acid; elevating oleic acid via FAD-2 gene modification and/or         decreasing linolenic acid via FAD-2 gene modification; altering         conjugated linolenic or linoleic acid content; altered LEC1,         AGP, Dek1, Superal1, mi1 ps, various lpa genes such as lpa 1,         lpa3, hpt, or hggt);     -   genes that confer or contribute to altered phosphorus content         (introduction of a phytase-encoding gene; up-regulation of a         gene that reduces phytate content);     -   genes that confer or contribute to altered carbohydrates,         antioxidant, or essential seed amino acids;     -   genes that create a site for site specific DNA integration, such         as the introduction of FRT sites that may be used in the FLP/PRT         system and/or Lox sites that may be used in the Cre/Loxp system;     -   genes that affect abiotic stress resistances (including, but not         limited to flowering, pod and seed development, enhancement of         nitrogen utilization efficiency, altered nitrogen         responsiveness, drought resistance or tolerance, cold resistance         or tolerance, and salt resistance or tolerance, and increase         yield under stress}.

Gene Editing

More recently, several novel approaches have been developed which offer the ability to manipulate the plant genome in a targeted way. Collectively known as gene editing technology (Petolino, et al., 2010; Woo, et al., 2015, Sauer, et al., 2016), the technologies share several important similarities:

-   -   they offer the ability to introduce small or large gene         deletions or insertions in the plant genome by means of targeted         double strand breaks at precise genomic locations;     -   they allow for the insertion of small inactivating mutations         into specific genes of interest;     -   they permit the replacement of an entire gene or gene segment by         a modified counterpart;     -   they allow for the insertion of a heterologous gene in a         specific genomic location which may represent a preferred site         for regulated gene expression. (i.e. downstream of a known         endogenous promoter/enhancer).

Locus Conversion

The Brassica carinata variety described herein represents a new base genetic line into which a new locus or trait my be introduced using transgenic technologies or back-crossing. The term “locus conversion” refers to the product of such an introgression. For example, a donor parent having a specific desirable trait may be crossed with an inbred variety, the recurrent parent, which has overall good agronomic characteristics yet lacks the desirable trait. The progeny of this cross is then mated back to the recurrent parent followed by selection of the desired trait from the donor parent.

A locus converted plant cell of a locus converted plant is obtained by introducing one or more locus conversion in the Brassica carinata variety described herein. The locus converted plant cell is therefore identical to a cell from the Brassica carinata variety described herein except for the one or more locus conversion and the locus converted plant exhibits essentially all the physiological and morphological characteristics of the Brassica carinata variety described herein. The locus conversion can confer a trait selected from the group consisting of male sterility, disease resistance, fungal resistance, pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, abiotic stress tolerance, and altered metabolism. Both naturally occurring and transgenic DNA sequences may be introduced through backcrossing. Molecular marker assisted breeding or selection maybe use used to reduce the number of backcrosses need to achieve the backcross conversion.

A locus conversion of the Brassica carinata variety described herein will otherwise retain its genetic integrity. For example, a locus converted plant of the Brassica carinata variety described herein will comprise at least 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% of its base genetics of the starting variety. A locus converted plant of the Brassica carinata variety described herein will therefore have at least one, and possibly two or three physiological or morphological characteristics which are different from those of a locus converted plant of the Brassica carinata variety described herein and otherwise has all the physiological or morphological characteristics of a locus converted plant of the Brassica carinata variety described herein.

Male Sterility

To produce and test hybrid combinations, some form of pollination control system must be employed. The most widely used pollination control system to achieve this in Brassica species is the method of Ogura (Ogura, 1968) adapted and modified by scientists at INRA, which is based on control of pollination by use of male cytoplasmic sterility. In cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) plants, a mitochondrial gene mutation interferes with the flower's ability to produce viable pollen but does not affect the functionality of the flower's female components. Because the mutation is within the mitochondrial genome, it is transmitted maternally through the cytoplasm. CMS plant lines, termed A lines, can only produce viable seed via outcrossing with non-CMS plants; however, the F1 plants derived from the seed of such a crossing will also exhibit the CMS phenotype and will still not produce viable seed by self pollination.

The Ogura CMS trait, originally identified in Japanese radish varieties (Ogura, 1968), was transferred to Brassica oleracea via backcrossing (Bannerot, et al., 1977) then subsequently transferred to Brassica napus. These initial Brassica napus A lines were found to be deficient in terms of their sensitivity to cold and their tendency to exhibit leaf chlorosis, as well as fertility issues, which were ultimately found to be related to interactions with chloroplasts derived from the radish cytoplasm (Pelletier et al., 1983). Using a cell fusion approach, improved Brassica napus A lines were subsequently developed that overcame these Initial deficiencies (Pelletier, et al., 1987). A-lines can be maintained by crossing them with B lines (lines that are genetically identical to A lines except that their cytoplasm is not CMS).

For production of fully fertile hybrid seed, CMS lines must be crossed with lines that contain a restorer function gene (Rf) which can restore the ability of CMS plants to produce viable pollen. Plant lines with the RF function stably incorporated and homozygous (termed RF lines) can be crossed with CMS lines and the F1 seed harvested from the CMS plants will represent a true hybrid and which will have the ability to produce fully fertile offspring capable of self pollination, a prerequisite for commercial grain production.

Such an Rf activity, first identified in radish, was introduced into Brassica napus (Heyn, 1976). It was subsequently shown that these lines were affected by fertility problems (Heyn, 1978; Pellan-Delourme and Renard, 1988). Intensive backcrossing of these initial lines eventually yielded material with improved fertility such that they could be used practically as Rf lines (Delourme, et al., 1991). It was further noted, however, that hybrid seed produced from crosses with the early versions of Brassica napus Rf lines often had high glucosinolate levels (Delourme, Foisset et al., 1998) that made generation of canola quality hybrids problematic. Efforts to develop improved Rf lines by reducing the amount of extraneous radish genetic material has resulted in newer generations of Brassica napus (Primard-Bris set, et al., 2005) and Brassica juncea (Tian, et al., 2014) Rf line families of sufficiently quality to be used in commercial hybrid seed production. Seed of Rf lines can be maintained by allowing self crossing of plants grown in isolated tents or fields.

A, B and Rf lines are thus the prerequisite components of an expandable production system for F1 hybrid seed. In practice, for production of pure hybrid seed:

-   -   a. the hybrid production fields are required to be         reproductively isolated from extraneous sources of Brassica         pollen;     -   b. RF lines are seeded at a predetermined optimal ratio relative         to A lines and may be kept spatially separated from the A lines         so that the RF plants can be readily removed post flowering, and         prior to harvest of the A line material;     -   c. pollinators are absolutely required to allow for maximal         pollination of the A lines by CMS pollen donors;     -   d. for maintenance and expansion of RF stocks, RF seed is         planted in isolation (either isolated fields separated from         other Brassica crops by great distance, or plots that are         reproductively isolated by virtue of a physical barrier such as         a tent) and allowed to self pollinate;     -   e. for maintenance and expansion of A line stocks, A lines and B         lines are planted in separate rows in isolated fields or tents         (as described above) and pollinators are used to promote         pollination of A lines with B line pollen. B lines are cut down         after flowering and before seed set and the A line plants are         allowed to come to maturity then harvested.         In some cases, a less labor- and cost-intensive alternative to         that described in (b) is employed whereby a low ratio of RF         plants may be interspersed with the A line plants in the field         and harvested together. While there will be some level of         adulteration of the harvested hybrid grain with that of the self         pollinated Rf plants; however, in practice this level of         contamination will not greatly affect the commercial quality of         the hybrid seed

More recently, both the CMS and Rf traits have been transferred to Brassica carinata. The development of a set of genetically diverse CMS and Rf lines in Brassica carinata allows the testing of many combinations for the first time in this Brassica species.

In a hypothetical test scheme based on the Ogura CMS system, the following steps are carried out:

-   -   panels of genetically diverse Brassica carinata varieties are         selected from a previously characterized collection of elite         germplasm and used for introgression of CMS or Rf traits to         produce A and Rf test lines. Diversity can be estimated by         comparing differences in molecular marker profiles between         candidate lines;     -   crosses are carried out between selected diverse A and Rf test         lines, under conditions described in previous sections;     -   F1 carinata hybrid seed from test crosses are planted in         replicated small plot trials, F1 plants and harvested seed are         assessed for a number of traits including, but not limited to,         early vigour, yield potential, grain and oil yield per acre, as         well as seed quality traits;     -   patterns of heterosis between pairs A and Rf parents are         identified and F1 hybrid seed from promising combinations are         studied more extensively in larger, geographically diverse         trials; and     -   hybrid seed from specific combinations may be selected for         potential commercial release as a new variety.

Phenotype/Genotype

To be useful and reliable, a Brassica carinata variety or hybrid must be homogenous and reproducible. While there are a number of analytical methods known to the skilled person for assessing the phenotypical stability of a Brassica carinata variety or hybrid, the traditional method is the observation of phenotypic traits over the life of the carinata plant using data collected from field experiments conducted under the selected geographic, climatic, and soil conditions during one or more growing seasons. Phenotypic characteristics observed include, but are not limited to, traits associated with seed yield (pod density, number of seeds per pod, pod length), oil yield, seed oil quality (GSL and erucic acid content; fatty acid composition), seed protein content, seed protein quality, glucosinolate composition of meal, growth habit, lodging resistance, plant height, and pod shatter resistance. Other phenotypic characteristics that may be observed include, but are not limited to, traits associated with pest tolerance or resistance, cold or frost tolerance, disease tolerance or resistance, herbicide tolerance or resistance, early or late flowering, and/or early or late maturity.

In some embodiments, Brassica carinata varieties or hybrids useful for commercial crop production or production of commercial products may exhibit traits associated with seed yield, oil yield, seed oil quality, erucic acid content of seed or oil, glucosinolate content of seed, seed protein content, fatty acid composition of oil, glucosinolate composition of meal, meal protein content, growth habit, lodging resistance, plant height, and pod shatter resistance

In some embodiments, a Brassica carinata variety or hybrid may exhibit multiple traits or phenotypic characteristics that provide agronomic advantages in particular geographies, climates, cropping regimes, and/or soil types. For example,

-   -   Brassica carinata varieties for planting in regions with a         climate classified as being of tropical moist characteristics,         with planting occurring in fall or winter for harvest in spring         or summer, may be selected for one or more traits including, but         not limited to, superior yield of oil per area planted, shorter         time to maturity, improved frost tolerance, improved disease         resistance, and resistance to pod shatter.     -   Brassica carinata varieties for planting in regions with a         climate classified as being of cool temperate, dry         classification, with planting occurring in spring and harvest in         summer or fall, may be selected for one or more traits         including, but not limited to, superior yield of oil per area         planted, shorter time to maturity, tolerance to drought,         improved disease resistance, and resistance to pod shatter.     -   Brassica carinata varieties for planting in regions with a         climate classified as being of warm temperate, moist         characteristic for planting in fall or winter for harvest in         spring or summer, may be selected for one or more traits         including, but not limited to, superior yield of oil per area         planted, shorter time to maturity, tolerance to drought,         improved disease resistance, and resistance to pod shatter.

Other traits for which Brassica carinata varieties may be selected include, but are not limited to, Alternaria resistance, days to flowering, depth of canopy, duration of flowering, end of flowering, flower petal coloration, frost tolerance, herbicide resistance, leaf colour, leaf glaucosity, leaf length, leaf number of lobes, leaf width, maturity, seed maturity, number of seed-bearing pods, pod (silique) beak length, pedicel length, petiole length, plant height, plant length, pod (silique) length, pod (silique) width, primary raceme length, recovery from frost damage, Sclerotinia resistance, seed colour, seeds per pod, seed weight (thousand seed weight or TKW), and stem color.

Genotype assessment(s) can be used to confirm the homogeneity and reproducibility of a Brassica carinata hybrid, to identify plants of the same variety or related variety, and to confirm the pedigree of the plant. Techniques known to those skilled in the art for the analysis and comparison of plant genotype include, but are not limited to, whole genome sequencing, Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP), Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP), Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs), and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs).

The Brassica carinata variety of the present invention has shown uniformity and stability for all traits described in the variety description information in Table 1, which include morphological, agronomic, and quality traits for Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E. The detailed phenotypic information provided in Table 1 is based on data collected in field experiments using conventional agronomic practices. For comparative purposed, Brassica carinata varieties AAC-A120 and AGR044-312D-HP11 (W02017/181276A1; henceforth referred to as “AGR044-HP11” or “HP11”) were similarly grown as comparative check varieties in replicated experiments, and observations were recorded for the various morphological traits for Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E and the comparative check varieties.

Disease

Varieties of Brassica carinata may be susceptible to a number of pathogens that commonly infect Brassica species including, but not limited to, the bacteria and fungi listed below:

Disease Organism Bacterial leaf spot Pseudomonas syringae Bacterial leaf rot Erwinia marginalis Bacterial soft rot Pseudomonas marginalis Black rot Xanthomonas campestris Alternaria black spot Alternaria spp Alternaria grey leaf spot Alternaria brassicae Alternaria brassicola Alternaria pos spot Alternaria brassicae Alternaria brassicola Black leg Leptosphaeria maculans Leptosphaeria biglobosa Black root Aphanomyces raphanin Clubroot Plasmodiophora brassicae Downey mildew Peronospora parasitica Fusarium wilt Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium avenaceum Light leaf spot Pyrenopeziza brassicae Powdery mildew Erysiphe polygoni Root rot complex Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp., Pythium spp. Seeding disease complex Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp., Pythium spp. Sclerotonia white stem rot Sclerotonia sclerotiorum Aster yellow Phytoplasma spp. Damping off Phytophthora cactorum Pythium spp. White leaf spot Mycosphaerella capsellae Grey stem Mycosphaerella capsellae Wirestem and girdling root rot Rhizoctonia solani White rust Albugo candida Verticillium wilt Verticillium longisporum

Examples of economically significant fungal diseases of Brassica species and mustard oilseeds include

-   -   a. Sclerotinia stem rot is caused by a fungus whose spores         infect Brassica species primarily during flowering stages and         whose incidence is associated with periods of high humidity.         Lesions are formed on the stems which can eventually kill the         plant. Fungicides are available which can control the severity         of the infection but must be applied at specific periods of the         plant lifecycle (i.e. at early to mid-flowering) for best         effect. Often multiple applications within this window of time         are necessary.     -   b. Alternaria is a fungal disease of Brassica species that         affects plants at all growth stages from early seedling through         to maturity although mature plants are more susceptible. The         greatest economic impact is on grain yield and quality. Foliar         fungicide application during the late flowering stage is an         effective way to mitigate the more detrimental effects of the         disease on grain yield and quality.     -   c. Blackleg is caused by a fungal pathogen Leptosphaeria         maculans of Brassica oilseed crops, which infects plants at all         stages, but early stage infections have the most serious         consequences, often culminating in plants with necrotic lesions         on their lower stems that can virtually sever the plants at the         base. Fungicides are only partially effective, having a minor         protective effect when applied at an early plant growth stage.     -   d. Clubroot is caused by a soil borne fungus-like pathogen         (Plasmodiophora brassicae) that affects the roots of Brassica         oilseed crops. The spores can persist for long periods in the         soil and there is currently no effective fungicidal treatment.         Management may require using rotations which limit the frequency         of Brassica planting.

The development of disease tolerant or disease resistant carinata varieties is important for achieving high yields of seed, oil, and other products from Brassica carinata. Conventional methods for control of microbial disease may employ one or more of chemical control, disease resistance, and culture control procedures such as crop rotation, liming, and use of bait crops.

When producing a commercial crop or a group of cultivated Brassica carinata plants in a field, harmful microorganisms can be controlled by the application of a composition comprising one or more microbiocidal ingredients, such as a fungicide. Fungicides comprise a diverse set of chemical agents which can prevent or reduce the severity of plant infection by pathogenic fungi. There are numerous classes of fungicides. FRAC (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee; http://www.frac.info/home) lists 12 classes based on the different biochemical pathways that the fungicides within a class targets, as well as a 13^(th) class which comprises fungicides with unknown modes of action. Fungicides are also distinguished by their modes of delivery and sites of action: some fungicides are sprayed onto plant surfaces, some are applied to the soil surfaces either in granular form or as a liquid flooding the soil surface, while others are applied as seed treatments. Fungicides applied to the seeds or soils tend to be absorbed via the roots and are transported to all plant tissues via xylem. Fungicides that are foliar can be either local—i.e., protecting only the surfaces that they contact, systemic—i.e., absorbed by the upper plant surfaces but then transported by xylem to all above ground tissues, or partially systemic—i.e., they can be locally absorbed but can only be transported short distances to protect a somewhat more extensive surface than the initial point of fungicide contact. Fungicides can help mitigate the risk of losses incurred by fungal infection, but the costs of fungicide spraying are significant enough to require cost benefit and risk assessment type analyses to be carried out before deciding to proceed.

When producing a commercial crop or a group of cultivated Brassica carinata plants in a field, harmful microorganisms can be controlled by the application of a composition comprising one or more microbicide or fungicide ingredient. Examples of microbiocides and fungicides useful for disease control for Brassica carinata include, but are not limited to, azoxystrobin, boscalid, fluxapyroxad, pyraclostrobin, picoxystrobin, propiconazole, metconazole, iprodione, prothiaconazole, vinclozolin, carbathiin, thiram, difenoconazole, metalaxyl, sedaxane, fludioxonil, penflufen, trifloxystrobin, and sedaxane.

Insect Pests

A variety of insect pests may infest and/or cause damage to a developing Brassica carinata plant. Common insect pests of Brassica at the seedling stage include, but are not limited to, aphids (Lipaphis erysimi, Myzus persicae, Brevicoryne brassicae), flea beetles (Phyllotreta cruciferae, Phyllotreta striolata, Psylliodes punctulata), cutworm (Agrotis orthogonia, Euxoa ochrogaster, Feltia jaculifera, Lacinipolia renigrea), and cabbage root maggot (Delia radicum). Common insect pests of Brassica at the flowering and podding stages include, but are not limited to, diamondback moth (Plutella xylostell), Berta armyworm (Mamestra configurata), and cabbage seed pod weevil (Ceutorhynchus obstrictus).

When producing a commercial crop or a group of cultivated Brassica carinata plants in a field, insect pests may be controlled by the application of a composition comprising one or more insecticide. Insecticides are a group of pesticide compounds designed to reduce or eliminate crop loss due the predation of crop species by insects. Like herbicides and fungicides, insecticides are classified according to their mode of action and the biochemical pathways that they target. One classification scheme (IRAC MoA) advocated by the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC; http://www.irac-online.org) lists 29 classes of insecticides grouped by the common biochemical processes and pathways that the insecticide compounds target Like herbicides and fungicides, insecticide function and persistence can also be influenced by their sites of action, i.e. whether they are only active on the surface of plants as applied, or whether they function as systemic agents. Further differentiation among some insecticide groups may be apparent based on whether they exhibit selectivity for specific insect types due to distinctive aspects of that insect's biology. Given that some insects serve a beneficial role, such as controlling plant pests, serving as plant pollinators and improving the nutrient content of soil, it is important that insecticides not be applied indiscriminately, but rather are used in a way that limits their actions as much as possible to the desired target species. Thus, modalities such as timing of application, amount and route of application, and restrictions on the types of insecticides used and the crops they may be used are all incorporated into the registered usage criteria of insecticide as a means of ensuring their safety and efficacy.

Insecticides useful for the control of insect pests of Brassica carinata include, but are not limited to, zeta-cypermethrim, zeta-cypermethrim-S-cyanol, lambdacyhalothrin, methoxyfenozide, cyantraniliprole, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, and clothianidin. Such insecticide can be applied as a seed treatment or as a foliar treatment.

Plant Pests

Brassica carinata is an aggressive crop and will out-compete many weeds if it establishes well. Some weed species, however, if allowed to establish early and persist, can affect quality and yield of all crops, including carinata. Examples of weeds that can adversely affect yield and quality include cochia, wild mustard, and wild radish. Weed management is thus an important aspect of modern agricultural practice and comprises several different but complementary approaches including physical methods to remove weeds before seed can be set, such as cultivation, tilling and rogueing of fields as well as use of chemical agents or herbicides to suppress or kill weedy species before they become established and/or are able to set and release their seed.

When producing a commercial crop or a group of cultivated Brassica carinata plants in a field, plant pests can be controlled by the application of a composition comprising one or more herbicide. Herbicides comprise a large group of chemical compounds that interfere with specific biological processes of the plants in such a way as to block their growth and survival. Herbicides are grouped into classes defined by the biological process with which they interact. These can include inhibition of lipid biosynthesis, inhibition of amino acid biosynthesis, hormonal regulation of plant growth, inhibition of photosynthesis, inhibition of nitrogen metabolism, inhibition of plant pigments biosynthesis or function, agents which can disrupt cell membranes and agents which inhibit seedling growth (Sherwani, et al., 2015). In general, different compounds and herbicide classes may display preferential efficacy against certain weedy species. Moreover, some crop species may display more tolerance to certain classes of herbicide than others. Thus, in a particular geographical region, the use of a particular herbicide for weed control may be dictated by the nature of the crop being cultivated and the native weeds encountered in the region. The registered usage also specifies specific methods of application of the herbicide, including recommended concentration of herbicide, use of appropriate diluents, adjuvants, or surfactants, method of delivery (i.e. spray versus granular), timing of application at appropriate crop stage to ensure least crop damage, timing of application and number of applications to ensure optimal weed control, location of application (foliar or soil application), recommended weather conditions for optimal weed control. Some examples of herbicides recommended for use with Brassica carinata grown in SE USA are listed (Seepaul, et al., 2015).

Seed Cleaning

“Cleaning (of) seed” or “seed cleaning” refers to the removal of foreign material from the surface of the seed. Foreign material to be removed includes, but is not limited to, fungi, bacteria, insect material (including insect eggs, larvae, and parts thereof), and any other pests that exist on the surface of the seed. “Cleaning (of) seed” or “seed cleaning” also refers to removal of any debris or low quality, infested, or infected seeds, or seeds of different species that are foreign to the sample.

Seed Treatment

Prior to planting, Brassica carinata a composition may be applied to the seed as a seed treatment. The composition may be applied at any time from harvesting of the seed to sowing of the seed using methods including, but not limited to, mixing in a container, mechanical application, tumbling, spraying, misting, and immersion. The composition may be applied as a liquid, a slurry, a mist, a soak, or a powder. The composition may comprise one or more of a pesticide, fungicide, insecticide, antimicrobial, a bacterial or fungal inoculant for nutrient utilization, plant growth regulator, or plant signalling compound. A general discussion of techniques for application of fungicides to seeds may be found, for example, in chapter 9 of (Jeffs 1978)

Commercial Crops and Commercial Plant Products

Commercial crop production comprises the steps of seeding, cultivation and harvesting of grain:

-   -   Seeding: Brassica carinata can be planted into conventionally         tilled soil where conventional tillage or full-tillage comprises         a substantial soil inversion repeated several times yearly such         that few plant residues remain at the soil surface at the time         of seeding. Alternatively, carinata can planted into soil that         is maintained under conservation tillage practices whereby the         extent and frequency of tillage is substantially reduced with         respect to conventional tillage (so-called medium or low tillage         soil management) or preferably, it may be no-till planted in         standing stubble. Seeding is carried out at a rate designed to         achieve plant densities in a range from 80 to 180 plants per         square meter. B. carinata should be seeded at a consistent 1.25         to 2.5 cm depth. Brassica carinata is a mid- to long-season crop         that requires a slightly longer growing season than other         mustard types. Hence seeding early provides the best results.         The ideal seeding date depends greatly on geography and weather.         In general, soils should be at least 4° C. (40° F.) or higher         before planting. In the Canadian Prairies and US northern tier,         typical planting occurs in spring between early April to late         May. In South Eastern US, typical planting occurs in fall         between October and December. In South America, the optimal         planting time occurs in fall or winter (i.e. typically between         beginning of May to end of June).     -   Cultivation: For good stand establishment, Brassica carinata         requires adequate soil moisture at seeding and through emergence         but can tolerate reduced moisture thereafter and stands up well         to the semi-arid mid-summer conditions. Brassica carinata is a         temperate climate crop but which has been adapted to the more         extreme conditions experienced in the southern Canadian prairies         and Northern Tier US states. During initial stand formation,         carinata can recover from short term frost conditions and         tolerates higher heat during flowering and seed set better than         other Brassica oilseeds. The fertility requirements of Brassica         carinata are similar to other mustards and canola. Adequate         availability of the primary macronutrients nitrogen,         phosphorous, potassium and sulfur are required to achieve the         true yield potential. Lesser amounts of secondary         macronutrients, including calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and         sulfur (S) and trace amounts of micronutrients (such as boron,         copper, Iron, manganese, zinc) may also contribute to optimal         plant growth and yield. Fertilizer rates vary with growing zone         and soil fertility.     -   Harvesting is the act of collecting the portion of a plant that         has matured sufficiently over the course of a growing season and         that has value as a source of food, feed, fibre, feedstock,         structural material or as a propagule for the plant itself.         Brassica carinata is harvested, for example, by mechanical         harvesting, ideally when seed maturity is reached (seed, pods         and stalks turn from green to yellow, seed moisture is 9.5 5 or         less). Brassica carinata can be combine harvested by straight         cutting or, if need be, can be swathed at an early stage,         allowed to dry naturally or with the aid of a desiccant, then         the dried swath can be combined. Swathing mean cutting near the         base of the plant and allowing the plant to lie flat in field         for several days to allow the grain to reach the appropriate         dryness. However, since Brassica carinata has a sturdy stalk,         the preferred method for harvest of carinata is direct combining         at maturity, rather than swathing or pushing followed by         combining.     -   Combining: refers to the process of reaping and collecting the         seed pods from the matured crop, threshing the seed pods to         release the seed (grain), and winnowing to separate and recover         the grain from the now empty seed pods, stems, and branches         (collectively referred to as chaff). These once distinct         operations are today often “combined” by use of a         multifunctional mechanized apparatus, appropriately known as a         “combine” harvester.     -   Grain, in reference to Brassica carinata, refers to the seed         harvested at maturity and sold as a source of oil and meal         products.

Commercial products produced from Brassica carinata seed include, but are not limited to, crushed, non-viable seed, oil, meal, and protein isolate. Production of oil, meal and protein isolate involves multiple steps. Typically, the seeds are cleaned then crushed in a roller mill to generate flakes. The flaked seed then undergoes a cooking process in which it is conveyed to a heated drum where the flakes are cooked at elevated temperatures (typically from 70-90° C.). The cooking helps to reduce the viscosity of the oil to allow for more efficient extraction in subsequent steps. Cooked seed flakes are then pressed in a series of screw presses or expellers which can remove 50-60% of the oil. Aside from the oil, which is removed for further processing, the pressing produces a meal cake that is ideal for solvent extraction. Using several cycles of extraction, the meal cake is treated with a solvent such as hexane to remove the residual oil from the meal. The meal is then transferred to a desolventizer-toaster where it is heated to remove remaining solvent; the final step of the process, called toasting, involves injection of stream into the meal to remove the last traces of solvent. The meal is then cooled and dried by blowing forced air through it. In some cases, the seed can also be processed using a cold press methodology which is similar to above except it does not involve the use of solvent to remove residual oil from the oil cake, resulting in a meal with much higher oil composition. In other cases, meal containing high levels of glucosinolates can be combined with other ingredients and formulated into pellets for use as a biofumigant (U.S. Publication No. 2008/0199451).

Brassica carinata plants can also be used commercially for biofumigation to reduce the population of disease-causing organisms in the soil. Typically, a field is seeded with Brassica plants early in the planting season, the plants are grown for a time, and the biomass is collected between flowering and before seed set. The plant biomass is then chopped to release the myrosinase enzyme and convert the glucosinolates in the plant biomass to isothiocyanates. The chopped biomass is tilled into the soil prior to seeding of a second crop

Uses of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E

Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E can be used in accordance with any of the breeding methods described herein, as well as in breeding methods known to those skilled in the art, to produce carinata hybrids or other progeny plants having the desired traits and characteristics of variety AGR044-312E.

The invention is directed to methods for producing carinata seeds, plants and plant parts from a carinata plant produced by crossing a first parent plant with a second parent plant, wherein the first parent plant is Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E and the second parent plant is also Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E, another Brassica carinata variety, or a variety of another Brassicaceae species. In some embodiments, Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E may be the male or female parent. In other embodiments, either the first or second parent plant may be male sterile. In some embodiments, the second parent plant comprises a desired trait. In some embodiments, the desired trait is selected from the group consisting of male sterility, disease resistance, fungal resistance, pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, abiotic stress tolerance, and altered metabolism. In other embodiments, the desired trait is herbicide tolerance and the herbicide is selected from, but not limited to, the group consisting of glyphosate, glufosinate, imidazolinones, and auxin analogues such as 2,4-D and dicamba.

In another aspect, the invention is directed to a method of producing a first generation (F1) hybrid Brassica carinata seed, as well a first generation (F1) hybrid plant grown from such seed, comprising crossing Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E with a different Brassica carinata plant and harvesting the resultant F1 hybrid Brassica carinata seed, and wherein Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E is either a female parent or a male parent.

In another aspect, the invention is further directed to a method for producing a Doubled Haploid (DH) variety comprising isolating a flower bud of the F1 hybrid plant, dissecting out a haploid microspore, placing the haploid microspore in culture, inducing the microspore to differentiate into an embryo and subsequently into a plantlet, identifying whether the plantlet contains a diploid chromosome number, wherein the diploid chromosome number occurred through chromosome doubling, and continuing to grow the plantlet if it contains a diploid chromosome number. In one embodiment, the diploid chromosome number is obtained by chemical or physical means. In another aspect the invention is directed to a plant, plant part, or seed of such Double Haploid variety produced from the F1 hybrid plant resulting from crossing Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E with a different Brassica carinata plant.

In another aspect, the invention is directed to producing a Brassica carinata plant, as well as a plant, plant part, cell, or seed therefrom, by crossing Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E with a second Brassica carinata variety having a desired trait, growing the resultant F1 hybrid seed and selecting one or more progeny plants that have the desired trait, backcrossing the selected progeny plants that have the desired trait with plants of variety AGR044-312E to produce backcross progeny seed, and growing the resultant backcross progeny seed and selecting backcross progeny plants that have the desired trait and at least a portion of the genetic make up of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E.n In some embodiments, the steps of backcrossing and growing the resulting progeny seed may be repeated 1 to 2 times, 1 to 3 times, 1 to 4 times, or 1 to 5 times, or until the Brassica carinata variety produced from variety AGR044-312E has the desired trait and the physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13, as determined at the 5% significance level, when grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions as variety AGR044-312E. In some embodiments, the desired trait is selected from the group consisting of male sterility, disease resistance, fungal resistance, pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, abiotic stress tolerance, and altered metabolism. In other embodiments, the desired trait is herbicide tolerance and the herbicide is selected from, but not limited to, the group consisting of glyphosate, glufosinate, imidazolinones, and auxin analogues such as 2,4-D and dicamba.

In yet another aspect, the invention is directed to a method of producing a Brassica carinata variety having a desired trait, as well as seeds, plants and plant parts of such variety, by crossing a plant of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E with a plant of another species of the family Brassicaceae comprising the desired trait, producing F1 progeny plants using embryo rescue techniques to recover viable F1 plants or growing F1 seeds, self-pollinating the F1 plants that have the desired trait and carinata character, producing F2 plants using embryo rescue techniques to recover viable F2 plants or growing F2 seeds, self-pollinating the F2 plants that have the desired trait and carinata character, using embryo rescue techniques to recover viable F3 plants or growing F3 seeds to produce progeny plants, self-pollinating the progeny plants that have the desired trait and carinata character to produce further progeny plants, and selecting the progeny plants with the desired trait and carinata character. In some embodiments, the steps of producing progeny plants, self-pollinating, and selecting progeny plants having the desired trait and carinata character are repeated until the progeny plant has the desired trait and the physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13, as determined at the 5% significance level, when grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions as variety AGR044-312E. In other embodiments, the steps of backcrossing and growing the resulting progeny seed may be repeated 1 to 2 times, 1 to 3 times, 1 to 4 times, or 1 to 5 times, or until the Brassica carinata variety produced from Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E has the desired trait and the physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13, as determined at the 5% significance level, when grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions as variety AGR044-312E. In some embodiments, the desired trait is selected from the group consisting of male sterility, disease resistance, fungal resistance, pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, abiotic stress tolerance, and altered metabolism. In other embodiments, the desired trait is herbicide tolerance and the herbicide is selected from, but not limited to, the group consisting of glyphosate, glufosinate, imidazolinones, and auxin analogues such as 2,4-D and dicamba.

In another aspect, the present invention is directed to a cell of a plant of a Brassica carinata variety having a desired trait, as well as seeds, plants and plant parts of such variety, by crossing a plant of Brassica carinata AGR044-312E with a plant of another species of the family Brassicaceae comprising the desired trait, producing F1 progeny plants using embryo rescue techniques to recover viable F1 plants or growing F1 seeds, self-pollinating the F1 plants that have the desired trait and carinata character, producing F2 plants using embryo rescue techniques to recover viable F2 plants or growing F2 seeds, self-pollinating the F2 plants that have the desired trait and carinata character, using embryo rescue techniques to recover viable F3 plants or growing F3 seeds to produce progeny plants, self-pollinating the progeny plants that have the desired trait and carinata character to produce further progeny plants, and selecting the progeny plants with the desired trait and carinata character. In some embodiments, the steps of producing progeny plants, self-pollinating, and selecting progeny plants having the desired trait and carinata character are repeated until the progeny plant has the desired trait and the physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13, as determined at the 5% significance level, when grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions as variety AGR044-312E. In some embodiments, the desired trait is selected from the group consisting of male sterility, disease resistance, fungal resistance, pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, abiotic stress tolerance, and altered metabolism. In other embodiments, the desired trait is herbicide tolerance and the herbicide is selected from, but not limited to, the group consisting of glyphosate, glufosinate, imidazolinones, and auxin analogues such as 2,4-D and dicamba.

Another aspect of the present invention is directed to a tissue culture of protoplasts or regenerable cells of the plant or plant part produced from the seed of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E, as well as a Brassica carinata plant regenerated from the tissue culture the physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13, as determined at the 5% significance level, when grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions as variety AGR044-312E. The tissue may be selected from the group consisting of leaves, pollen, embryos, roots, root tips, pods, flowers, ovules, and stalks.

In other aspects, the present invention is directed to a cell of Brassica carinata variety designated AGR044-312E, as well as to a plant or plant part, or a protoplast of a plant or plant part, produced from a seed of Brassica carinata variety designated AGR044-312E. In some embodiments, the plant part is an ovule, a leaf, pollen, a seed, an embryo a root, a root tip, a pod, a flower, or a stalk. In other embodiments, the plant part is pollen or an ovule. In other embodiments, the present invention is directed to a cell, plant or plant part having the physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13, as determined at the 5% significance level, when grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions as variety AGR044-312E.

The present invention also includes a method of producing a Brassica carinata variety comprising a desired trait, as well as a plant, plant part, or seed of such variety, by introducing a nucleic acid construct conferring the desired trait into a Brassica carinata plant of variety AGR044-312E using polyethylene glycol (PEG) mediated uptake, electroporation, ballistic infiltration using DNA coated microprojectiles (gene gun), an Agrobacterium infiltration-based vector, or a plant virus-based vector. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct comprises a transgene. In other embodiments, the nucleic acid construct comprises an RNAi construct. In some embodiments, the Brassica carinata variety comprises the desired trait and the physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13, as determined at the 5% significance level, when grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions as variety AGR044-312E. In other embodiments, the desired trait is selected from the group consisting of male sterility, disease resistance, fungal resistance, pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, abiotic stress tolerance, and altered metabolism. In other embodiments, the desired trait is herbicide tolerance and the herbicide is selected from, but not limited to, the group consisting of glyphosate, glufosinate, imidazolinones, and auxin analogues such as 2,4-D and dicamba.

In another aspect, the invention is directed to the use of a plant of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E to produce a Brassica carinata variety comprising a new trait, wherein the new trait is introduced by exposing seedlings or microspores to a mutagenic agent. In some embodiments, the mutagenic agent is ethyl methanesulfonate, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea, or x-ray, gamma or ultraviolet radiation.

In another aspect, the invention is directed to a cell of a plant of a Brassica carinata variety produced from variety AGR044-312E, wherein the Brassica carinata variety comprises a new trait and is produced by a method comprising exposing seedlings or microspores to a mutagenic agent and allowing the surviving fraction to develop into mature plants. In some embodiments, the mutagenic agent is ethyl methanesulfonate, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea, or x-ray, gamma or ultraviolet radiation.

In another aspect, the invention is directed to a method of producing a commercial crop of a Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E or of a Brassica carinata variety produced by any of methods described herein. In another aspect, the invention is directed to a method of producing a commercial plant product from the commercial crop. In some embodiments, the commercial plant product comprises oil, meal, protein isolate, or biofumigant. In another aspect the invention is directed to a method of producing crushed, non-viable seed of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E or a Brassica carinata variety produced by any of methods described herein.

In another aspect, the invention is directed to a method of biofumigation comprising, growing a plant of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E or a Brassica carinata variety produced by any of methods described herein in a field, collecting the Brassica carinata plant biomass between flowering and seed set, chopping the biomass, and incorporating the chopped biomass into the soil.

The citation of any publication herein is not an admission that the publication is prior art with respect to the present application.

Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, it is readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in light of the teachings of this invention that certain changes and modifications may be made thereto without departing from the scope of the appended claims.

It is to be understood that any numerical value inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in the respective testing measurements. Also, as used herein, the term “about” generally means within 10%, 5%, 1%, or 0.5% of a given value or range. Alternatively, the term “about” means within an acceptable standard error of the mean when considered by one of ordinary skill in the art. Unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the present disclosure and attached claims are approximations that can vary as desired. At the very least, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques.

As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Unless defined otherwise all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood to one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.

The phrase “and/or,” as used herein in the specification and in the claims, should be understood to mean “either or both” of the elements so conjoined, i.e., elements that are conjunctively present in some cases and disjunctively present in other cases. Multiple elements listed with “and/or” should be construed in the same fashion, i.e., “one or more” of the elements so conjoined. Other elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified by the “and/or” clause, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, a reference to “A and/or B”, when used in conjunction with open-ended language such as “comprising” can refer, in one embodiment, to A only (optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to B only (optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to both A and B (optionally including other elements); etc.

As used herein in the specification and in the claims, “or” should be understood to encompass the same meaning as “and/or” as defined above. For example, when separating items in a list, “or” or “and/or” shall be interpreted as being inclusive, i.e., the inclusion of at least one, but also including more than one, of a number or list of elements, and, optionally, additional unlisted items.

As used herein, whether in the specification or the appended claims, the transitional terms “comprising”, “including”, “carrying”, “having”, “containing”, “involving”, and the like are to be understood as being inclusive or open-ended (i.e., to mean including but not limited to), and they do not exclude unrecited elements, materials or method steps. Only the transitional phrases “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of”, respectively, are closed or semi-closed transitional phrases with respect to claims and exemplary embodiment paragraphs herein. The transitional phrase “consisting of” excludes any element, step, or ingredient which is not specifically recited. The transitional phrase “consisting essentially of” limits the scope to the specified elements, materials or steps and to those that do not materially affect the basic characteristic(s) of the invention disclosed and/or claimed herein.

EXAMPLES Example 1: Field Trials

Small plot field experiments were conducted in Western Canada, in selected southeast or northern states of the United States, or in Uruguay, using best agronomic practices for carinata as describe the “Carinata Management Handbook” for the southeastern United States (https://agrisoma.com/ckfinder/userfiles/files/2017_18_SE_Handbook.pdf) or for the northern tier United States and Canadian prairies (http://growcarinata.com/ckfinder/userfiles/files/US%20Northern%20Plains_handbook_2018.pdf). A number of newly developed carinata varieties, including AGR044-312E were grown in a Randomized Complete Block Design trial (RCBD), comprising 4 replicate plots (unless otherwise noted) along with plots of check varieties AAC-A120 and/or AGR044-312D-HP11 (henceforth referred to as “AGR044-HP11” or “HP11”). During the course of the trials, the experimental varieties and check varieties were closely observed, and descriptions of phenotypic characteristics and agronomic traits were recorded. After plants had reached maturity, seed was collected for subsequent NIR based seed quality analysis (as described in the definitions section). Least square mean values from replicated data sets were calculated using the REML model and pairwise comparisons carried out using Tukey's test at the 5% probability level. All quantitative data analysis was carried out using JMP 13 (SAS)

Example 2: Varietal Characteristics of AGR044-312E when Grown in SE United States

The southeastern states of Florida, Georgia, Alabama and others constitute an important carinata growing region. Farmers in this region would benefit from a crop that can be grown during the winter months as a cover crop, replacing the normal winter fallow in their rotations, allowing them an additional cash crop option while providing soil benefits that may in turn benefit other crops in their rotation. In order to identify those varieties with suitable productivity and agronomic properties in the low daylight hour/winter cropping scenario, field trial evaluations of new carinata varieties in this region are carried out, selecting the best adapted varieties for the local environment. These as described in Example 1 and serve to identify best candidates for commercialization based on comparing agronomic traits, seed yield and quality as well as multi-year performance to those of commercial check varieties.

As described in Example 1, replicated field trials afford the opportunity to compare experimental varieties in terms of their morphological phenotypes and agronomic traits. During the winters of 2015-2016, 2016-17, and 2017-18 field trials were carried out in multiple sites in Central and North Florida and provided extensive phenotypic observations, summarized in Table 1. Each characteristic was assessed as described in DEFINITIONS section, above, with the following exceptions and additions:

-   -   Height: from soil level to topmost visible node. Recorded at         physiological maturity.     -   Sclerotinia incidence: expressed as a % of symptomatic plants in         a 39″×48″ area (data collected 2-4 days before harvest).     -   Shattering loss prior to harvest—seeds from shattered pods were         collected in three 7″×13″ pans placed 3′ from either end or at         center of each plot at pod fill stage. The collected seeds were         weighed immediately before harvest and converted to kg/ha. In         some cases, to quantitate loss due to harvest, pans were placed         in the field as described and, immediately post-harvest,         collected seed was weighed and converted to kg/ha.

Table 1 provides data for morphological and agronomic characteristics for variety AGR044-312E and check variety AGR044-HP11. Data was obtained from observations taken during trials carried out Quincy, F1. Least square mean values from replicated data sets were calculated using the REML model and pairwise comparisons carried out using Tukey's test at the 5% probability level. All quantitative data analysis was carried out using JMP 13 (SAS). Paired LSM values that share a common letter (in parentheses after each value) are not significantly different from one another.

TABLE 1 Morphological traits of variety AGR044-312E grown In Quincy, Fl for two consecutive winter seasons 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 AGR044- AGR044- AGR044- AGR044- AGR044- AGR044- Trait 312E HP11 312E HP11 312E HP11 Start of bolting 96.5 101 79.8 86.5 nd* nd* (days) (ABCD) (ABC) (CDE) (ABC) 50% bolting 105.3 105.8 89.5 92.5 95.0 94.5 (days) (A) (A) (BC) (B) (AB) (AB) Start of 108.5 112.8 90.5 96 nd* nd* flowering (days) (CDE) (ABC) (BC) (AB) 50% flowering 119.3 123.5 101.0 106.8 102.0 103.5 (days) (A) (A) (CDE) (ABC) (ABC) (AB) End of Flowering 143.0 148.3 132.5 136 nd* nd* (days) (C) (ABC) (BC) (AB) Time to Maturity 185.1 184 169.0 170 161.1 162.2 (days) (AB) (AB) (A) (A) (CDE) (BCDE) Plant stand 50.23 43.3 43.9 44.1 86.6 81.4 (plants/m²) (ABC) (ABC) (A) (A) (ABCD) (ABCD) Plant height 169.2 163.8 157.0 176 nd* nd* (cm) (ABCDE) (BCDEF) (BCD) (AB) Canopy depth 66.3 54.9 68.6 78.5 nd* nd* (cm) (AB) (ABC) (A) (A) Sclerotinia nd* nd* 14.9 10.1 nd* nd* incidence (%) (AB) (AB) Shattering 220 326 72 162 nd* nd* losses (kg/ha) (B) (B) (BC) (AB) 1000 seed wt (g) nd* nd* 4.5 4.2 3.65 4.33 (AB) (AB) (DEF) (ABC) nd* = not determined

These distinguishing characteristics of AGR044-312E grown in these trials and with respect to the check variety are summarized below:

Flowering: No statistically significant differences in the onset or duration of flowering were observed between plants of variety AGR044-312E and check variety AGR044-HP11 in any trial year. Maturity: Plants of AGR044-312E reached maturity within a day of plants of check variety AGR044-HP11 in all three trial years. Plant No statistically significant differences in the onset or duration height of flowering were observed between plants of variety and AGR044-312E and the check variety in any trial year. canopy Stand Plant stand values, expressed as number plants/m² prior to harvest, were not found to be significantly different between variety AGR044-312E and the check variety in any year of testing. Pod No statistically significant difference in absolute (kg of shatter seed/ha) pod shatter values between AGR044-312E and check variety AGR044-HP11 was observed in any trial year. Freeze During the course of the 2015-16 Quincy Fl trial, plots were damage: exposed to hard frost conditions (Table 1). Differences in LSM percentage of frost-damaged plants between AGR044-312E and check variety AGR044-HP11 were not found to be statistically t. Sclerotinia In 2016-2017, it was observed that carinata plots were incidence subjected to significant pressure due to presence of Sclerotinia. There was no significant differences in susceptibility to Sclerotinia observed between the two varieties in this study. Seed Seed of variety AGR044-312E were found to be smaller than weight seed of check variety AGR044-HP11. (TKW)

In summary, the agronomic characteristics of AGR044-312E variety were found to be consistent with those of an existing commercial variety grown in the SE US region, supporting its selection as suitable candidate for commercial cultivation this region.

Example 2: Grain Yields of AGR044-312E Grown in Winter Field Trials in SE USA

For the purpose of assessing the yield potential of new and experimental carinata varieties, including AGR044-312E, relative to commercial check varieties, a series of replicated yield trials designed as described in Example 1 were carried out during winter 2015-2016, 2016-2017, and 2017-18 in southeast US. After maturity had been reached, seeds were harvested from the center 5′ of each plot (5 rows), cleaned and dried in a forced air oven at 50° C. for at least 72 h, subsequently weighed for yield determination and the seed analyzed for test weight and moisture using a Steinlite SL95 Moisture Meter. Reported yields, tabulated in Table 2, have been adjusted to 8% moisture. Paired LSM values that share a common letter (letters columns) are not significantly different from one another.

TABLE 2 Grain yields of variety AGR044-312E grown in Quincy, Florida. 2015-2016 2016-2017 2017-2018 LSM LSM LSM Carinata Yield Yield Yield variety (kg/ha) Letters (kg/ha) Letters (kg/ha) Letters AGR044-312E 5501 ABCDE 3277 AB 2858 B AGR044-HP11 4772 BCDEF 3058 AB 3178 AB

As can be seen, the LSM yield of AGR044-312E is similar to or slightly higher than the yield of grain from the check variety. The data support the yield potential of the AGR044-M01 variety as being comparable to that of the commercial check variety, making it a suitable candidate for commercial exploitation in the SE region.

Example 3: Quality of AGR044-312E Seed from Field Trials Conducted in Southeast US

Trials were conducted in southeastern US states as described in Example 1. Seed quality data were obtained from NIR analysis, as described above under DEFINITIONS, on replicated samples of harvested grain from small plot, RCBD field experiments. Least square means (LSM) were calculated for measurements of replicate samples using a restricted maximal likelihood (REML) estimate, which can better describe data sets where some replicate data might be missing due to weather or disease related losses. Tukey's test was then applied pairwise to determine whether there were statistically significant differences between the LSM yields for AGR044-312E and the check variety. The results of this analysis are tabulated in Table 3. Paired LSM values that share a common letter (letters columns) are not significantly different from one another.

TABLE 3 Seed quality characteristics of variety AGR044-312E grown in Florida, USA in 2015-16 (Citra, Live Oak, Quincy), 2016-17 (Citra, Quincy), and 2017-18 (Quincy) 2015-2016 2016-2017 2017-2018 Quality Variety LSM Letters LSM Letters LSM Letters Protein content, AGR044-312E 23.44 CDE 23.88 AB 26.82 CD wt % of seed AGR044-HP11 23.70 CDE 24.07 AB 25.50 DE Oil content, AGR044-312E 47.70 AB 48.90 A 46.20 BCD wt % of seed AGR044-HP11 48.26 A 48.02 AB 47.91 ABC Glucosinolates, AGR044-312E 72.35 EFGHI 65.72 B 96.99 CD μmol/g AGR044-HP11 75.73 CDEFGH 73.70 B 93.26 D Erucic Acid, AGR044-312E 39.62 CDEF 43.95 ABC 44.68 CDE wt % fatty acids AGR044-HP11 41.94 AB 45.51 A 46.05 BCD Total Saturates, AGR044-312E 6.21 A 5.83 BC 6.13 ABC wt % fattyacids AGR044-HP11 5.77 FG 5.73 BCD 5.75 DE

The fatty acid profile of seed oil from AGR044-312E, as determined by NIR analysis, was also compared to that of seed from the check variety and the results, expressed as the percentage by weight (mean of 4 samples) for each of the major fatty acid constituents of the oil is shown in Table 4. Paired LSM values that share a common letter (letters columns) are not significantly different from one another.

TABLE 4 Fatty acid profile of oil from variety AGR044-312E grown in southeast US (2015-16, Citra, Live Oak and Quincy, 2016-17 (Citra, Quincy), and 2017-18 (Quincy) Fatty 2015-2016 2016-2017 2017-2018 Acid Variety LSM Letters LSM Letters LSM Letters C16:0 AGR044-312E 3.00 H 3.02 F ND AGR044-HP11 3.23 ABCDE 3.19 BCDE C18:1 AGR044-312E 9.97 FGH 7.44 CD 4.97 CD AGR044-HP11 9.72 GH 7.49 CD 5.13 CD C18:2 AGR044-312E 15.62 IJ 13.70 E 14.40 ABC AGR044-HP11 15.61 IJ 14.17 BCDE 14.51 ABC C18:3 AGR044-312E 12.60 FGHIJ 13.30 F 11.22 EFG AGR044-HP11 13.65 ABCD 14.02 DE 11.96 CD C20:1 AGR044-312E 9.29 ABCDE 10.04 A 9.88 BC AGR044-HP11 8.72 EF 8.25 CD 9.37 CDE C22:1 AGR044-312E 40.96 ABC 43.95 ABC 44.68 CDE AGR044-HP11 41.94 AB 45.51 A 46.05 BCD Mono AGR044-312E ND ND 60.48 CDE 62.47 CDE AGR044-HP11 ND ND 61.32 BC 63.72 BC Poly AGR044-312E 32.34 HIJ 32.26 EF 30.50 CDE AGR044-HP11 33.26 CDEFG 32.59 DE 29.94 CDE LCFA AGR044-312E 42.05 EFGH 37.91 E 35.30 CD AGR044-HP11 42.43 DEFG 39.06 DE 32.28 DE VLCFA AGR044-312E 57.95 ABCD 62.09 A 64.70 CD AGR044-HP11 57.57 BCDE 60.94 AB 67.72 BC ND = not determined

Over the course of two years of testing at multiple trials in the US southeast, results of seed quality analysis can be summarized as follows:

Seed oil Seed from AGR044-312E was shown to have a similar content oil content to seed from check variety AGR044-HP11 in all years of testing. Seed protein Seed from AGR044-312E was shown to have similar content protein content to that of check variety AGR044-HP11 in all years of testing. Glucosinolates Seed from AGR044-312E was shown to have similar glucosinolate content as seed from check variety AGR044-HP11 in all years of testing. Fatty acid Overall, the fatty acid profile of the oil from grain of profile variety AGR044-312E is very similar to that of oil from the check variety. Oil from AGR044-312E grain showed significantly lower levels of linolenic acid (C18:3) relative to oil from grain of the check variety in all three years of testing. In 2016-17, oil from AGR044-312E grain showed significantly higher levels of eicosenoic acid (C20:1) relative to oil from grain of the check variety.

Based on the comparative seed quality and fatty acid profile analysis shown in Tables 3 and 4, the AGR044-312E variety produces grain with substantially similar composition and properties to that of the commercial check variety, supporting its suitability as candidate for commercial exploitation in the SE region.

Example 4: Varietal Characteristics of AGR044-M06 Grown in Northern US and Canada

The northern tier states of the US, such as North Dakota and its neighbours, as well as the adjacent southern Canadian prairie regions of Alberta and Saskatchewan constitute an important Brassica oilseed growing region. Evaluation of new carinata varieties in this region allows for identification of those varieties that are best adapted to growing in the local environment, which comprises a semiarid environment with warm summer and cold winter season. Under such conditions, carinata varieties which are productive under long daylight spring-summer cultivation in semiarid environments would prove advantageous to local farmers. Field trials are carried out annually at several sites in the region as described in Example 1 to identify best candidates for commercialization based on agronomic traits, seed yield and quality as well as multi-year performance.

The detailed phenotypic information provided in Table 5 is based on data collected from small plot, RCBD field experiments conducted in northern US states and Canada, as described in Example 1. Each characteristic was assessed as described in DEFINITIONS section, above. Table 5 provides the average of four measurements of the r morphological and agronomic characteristics for variety AGR044-312E and check variety AAC-A120.

TABLE 5 Agronomic characteristics of AGR044-312E field trials in northern US and Canada in 2018 AGR044-312E AAC-A120 Days to first flower 54 56 End of flowering (days) 70.5 73.0 Flowering duration (days) 16.5 17.0 Top of canopy (cm) 66.25 84.25 Bottom of canopy (cm) 25.5 33.25 Depth of canopy (cm) 40.75 51.0 Pod shatter resistance (1-7) 5.0 3.5 Lodging resistance (1-7) 7.0 7.0 TKW (g) 4.42 4.32

Relative to check variety AAC-A120, Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E shows the following agronomic characteristics:

Flowering Under the growth conditions of the trial, initiation and duration of flowering was equivalent for plants of AGR044-312E and plants of the check variety. Canopy Under the growth conditions of the trial, plants of AGR044-312E were shorter in stature, with a lower canopy bottom and a smaller canopy depth compared to plants of the check variety. Lodging Under the growth conditions of the trial, plants of AGR044-312E were observed to be similar to the check variety for lodging. Pod Under the growth conditions of the trial, pods produced by Shatter plants of AGR044-312E were observed to be more resistant to Resistance shattering than those of the check variety for shatter resistance. Seed Seeds produced by variety AGR044-312E are of a similar size weight to seed produced by the check variety.

Example 5: Yield of Carinata Seed from Variety AGR044-312E Grown in Northern US States and Canadian Southern Prairies

Field trials designed as described in Example 1 were carried out in nine sites in the northern US states and Canadian southern prairies during the summer 2016, to assess the yield potential of a number of new carinata varieties, including AGR044-312E, in relation to the commercial check variety AAC-A120. After maturity had been attained, plots were harvested, and seed yield quantitated essentially as described in Example 3. Table 6 (below) summarizes the results of yield analysis carried out on AGR044-312E and check variety AAC-A120 obtained from harvests of replicate plots at six of the sites (data from sites chosen on the basis of the sites having Coefficient of Variation for all sample yields of less than 15%). Least square means (LSM) were calculated from replicate trials for each variety tested at each site using a restricted maximal likelihood (REML) estimate, which can better describe data sets where some replicate data might be missing due to weather or disease related losses. Tukey's test was then applied pairwise to determine whether there were statistically significant differences between the LSM yields for AGR044-312E and the check variety. An aggregate of the yield data from all sites was obtained and the aggregated LSM yield values for each variety were compared to one another as described above. Paired LSM values that share a common letter (letters column of Table 6) are not significantly different from one another.

TABLE 6 Yields of AGR044-312E grown in 2016 trials in northern US states and Canada Site Variety LSM Yield (kg/ha) Letters Medicine Hat, AB AGR044-312E 1886 ABC AAC-A120 1834 ABC Moosomin, SK AGR044-312E 2818 ABC AAC-A120 2724 ABC Outlook, SK AGR044-312E 2678 ABC AAC-A120 3462 AB Combined sites* AGR044-312E 2429 ABC AAC-A120 2676 AB

While the yield data reflected considerable variation between sites, at each individual site the difference in LSM yields between AGR044-312E and the commercial check variety AAC-A120 were small and found not to be significantly different, while the overall LSM yield of AGR044-312E aggregated from the three trial sites was also found to similar to that of a commercial carinata variety AAC-A120 used as check variety.

Example 6: Quality of AGR044-312E Carinata Seed Harvested from Field Trials Conducted in Northern US States and Canadian Southern Prairies

Trials were conducted as described in Example 1. Seed quality data were obtained from NIR analysis of replicated samples of harvested grain from trial sites described in Example 5. Least square means (LSM) were calculated for seeds from replicate trial plots for each variety tested, using a restricted maximal likelihood (REML) estimate, which can better describe data sets where some replicate data might be missing due to weather or disease related losses. Tukey's test was then applied pairwise to determine whether there were statistically significant differences between the LSM yields for AGR044-312E and the check variety. Paired LSM values that share a common letter (letters column of Table 7) are not significantly different from one another.

TABLE 7 Seed quality characteristics of AGR044-312E in trials in northern US states and Canada 2016 2018 Quality Variety LSM Letters LSM Letters Protein content, AGR044-312E 27.59 CDEF 32.32 A wt % of seed AAC-A120 28.28 BCDE 34.52 A Oil content, AGR044-312E 43.76 ABCD 40.97 ABC wt % of seed AAC-A120 44.32 ABC 39.34 ABC Glucosinolates, AGR044-312E 64.35 DE 92.33 CDEFG μmol/g AAC-A120 83.12 ABCD 110.40 ABCDE Erucic Acid, AGR044-312E 41.95 ABCD ND wt % fatty acids AAC-A120 40.74 ABCDEF ND Total Saturates, AGR044-312E 6.09 ABC ND wt % fatty acids AAC-A120 5.85 BCDEFG ND ND = not determined

TABLE 8 Fatty acid profile of variety AGR044-312E grown in northern US and Canadian prairies 2016 2018 Fatty Acid Variety LSM Letters LSM Letters C18:1 AGR044-312E 7.17 DEF 4.80 CDEF AAC-A120 7.82 DE 4.60 CDEF C18:2 AGR044-312E 15.74 DEF 14.32 BCDEF AAC-A120 16.04 CDEF 14.93 BCDEF C18:3 AGR044-312E 13.77 HIJKL 14.38 CDEFG AAC-A120 14.67 DEFGH 15.37 ABCDE C20:1 AGR044-312E 9.48 B 8.29 ABCD AAC-A120 8.62 BCDE 7.71 ABCDE C22:1 AGR044-312E 41.95 ABCD ND AAC-A120 40.74 ABCDEF ND Mono AGR044-312E 58.73 CDEFG ND AAC-A120 58.44 DEFGH ND Poly AGR044-312E 34.14 EFGH ND AAC-A120 34.89 CDEF ND LCFA AGR044-312E 40.22 EFG ND AAC-A120 41.32 EFG ND VLCFA AGR044-312E 59.78 ABC ND AAC-A120 58.68 ABC ND ND = not determined

The fatty acid profile of seed oil from AGR044-312E, as determined by NIR analysis, was also compared to that of the AAC A120 check variety and the results, expressed as the percentage by weight (mean of 4 samples) for each of the major fatty acid constituents of the oil are shown in Table 8. Paired LSM values that share a common letter (letters column of Table 8) are not significantly different from one another.

The results of the seed quality and oil profile analysis for AGR044-312E harvested from summer yield trials in northern US and Canada can be summarized as follows:

Seed oil Seed from AGR044-312E has a similar oil content content to that of seed from check variety AAC-A120. Seed protein Seed from AGR044-312E has a similar protein content content to that of seed from check variety AAC-A120. Glucosinolates Seed from AGR044-312E has a lower glucosinolate content than seed from check variety AAC-A120; however, this difference was not statistically significant in either year of testing. Erucic acid Oil from AGR044-312E grain has a similar erucic acid content to that of oil from the grain of check variety AAC-A120. Fatty acid On the whole, oil from grain of AGR044-312E had a profile similar fatty acid profile to that of oil from grain of the check variety AAC-A120.

Based on the comparative seed quality and fatty acid profile analysis shown in Tables 7 and 8, the AGR044-312E variety produces grain with substantially similar fatty acid protein and glucosinolate content compared to check variety AAC-A120 when grown in this region.

Example 7: Varietal Characteristics of AGR044-312E Grown in South America

Uruguay is an important commercial producer of Brassica carinata. Its climate lends itself to production of carinata as a short-day length winter cover crop often in rotation with summer grown crops such as soybean. In order to assess new carinata varieties for their suitability in commercial production in this region, small plot yield trials have been carried out in Uruguay, primarily at two sites, La Estanzuela (LE) and Young (YO). In winter of 2017 and 2018, small plot trials were carried out at both sites, essentially as described in Example 1, except that three randomized plot replicates were employed instead of four.

TABLE 9 Morphological traits of variety AGR044-312E grown in field trials in Uruguay 2017 2018 AGR044-312E HP11 AGR044-312E HP11 Traits LE YO LE YO LE YO LE YO 10% flowering (days) 90 83 86 82 113 85 110 85 Mid flowering (days) 106 87 106 87 119 87 118 88 100% flowering (days) 126 111 126 117 142 116 157 116 Plant height (m) 1.60 1.51 1.48 1.66 1.64 1.39 1.83 1.55 Canopy bottom (m) 1.0 0.66 1 0.66 0.74 0.73 0.73 0.65 Canopy depth (m) 0.60 0.85 0.52 1.00 0.60 0.66 1.10 0.90 Stand** (plants/m²) 138 ND 115 ND 61 ND 68 ND Harvest loss (kg/ha) 60 ND 227 ND 165 ND 335 ND ND = not determined **number of plants counted in 4 rows converted to plants/m² and expressed as a percentage of plot seeding density (117 viable seed/m²)

The distinguishing characteristics of AGR044-312E grown in this trial and with respect to the check variety are summarized below:

Flowering: At La Estanzuela, AGR044-312E initiated flowering 3-4 days after check variety AGR044-HP11, completing flowering at least 10 days earlier than the check variety in 2018 but at the same time as check variety in 2017. At Young, onset and completion of flowering for plants of AGR044-312E and the check variety was similar in both years. Plant In the LE 2017 trial, plants of AGR044-312E and the check height variety demonstrated similar height, canopy bottom and and canopy depth. However, at YO in 2017 and both sites in 2018, canopy: plants of AGR044-312E were shorter in stature and had a smaller canopy than plants of the check variety. Stand: Plant stand determinations prior to harvest were carried out solely at the La Estanzuela trials. In 2017 the AGR044-312E stand was observed to be slightly higher than that of check variety AGR044-HP11; however the stand for AGR044-312E and the check variety were similar in 2018. Pod Pod shatter, expressed as absolute seed loss (LSM kg of shatter: seed/ha) obtained from replicate plots prior to harvest, was determined as described in the definition section at the La Estanzuela site all years and at the Young site in 2016 only. AGR044-312E experienced consistently lower average harvest losses than the check variety in all trials.

Example 8: Yield of Seed from Variety AGR044-312E Grown in Uruguay During Winter

Table 10 summarizes the results of yield analysis carried out on a number of new and experimental carinata varieties at La Estanzuela and Young sites in 2017 and 2018. Several new varieties were evaluated, including AGR044-312E, alongside check variety AGR044-HP11, the current preferred commercial variety in this geography. Least square means (LSM) yield (in kg/ha) were calculated from replicate trials for each variety tested at each site using a restricted maximal likelihood (REML) estimate, which can better describe data sets where some replicate data might be missing due to weather or disease related losses. Tukey's test was then applied pairwise to determine whether there were statistically significant differences between the LSM yields for AGR044-312E and the check variety. Paired LSM values that share a common letter (letters columns of Table 10) are not significantly different from one another.

TABLE 10 Yield of seed from variety AGR044-312E grown in Uruguay 2017 (combined LE 2018 and YO sites) (LE site only) LSM LSM Yield Yield Site Variety (kg/ha) Letters (kg/ha) Letters La Estanzuela AGR044-312E 4534 A 5063 A AGR044-HP11 5373 A 4110 AB Young AGR044-312E 3736 AB ND AGR044-HP11 3192 ABC ND ND = not determined

As shown Table 10, analysis of LSM yield values by Tukey's test showed that there were no statistically significant differences between yields observed for AGR044-312E check variety AGR044-HP11 at either site during the 2017 and 2018 trials.

Example 9: Quality of AGR044-312E Carinata Seed from Trials in Uruguay During Winter

As described above, and in Example 1, trials were conducted using best agronomic practices for carinata as describe the “Carinata Management Handbook” for the southeastern United States (http://agrisoma.com/ckfinder/userfiles/files/2017_18_SE_Handbook.pdf). Seed quality data were obtained from NIR analysis of replicated samples of harvested grain, as described under DEFINITIONS, above. Table 11 tabulates the main characteristics of AGR044-312E seed harvested from these trials in relation to those of check variety AGR044-HP11.

TABLE 11 Seed quality characteristics of variety AGR044-312E grown in Uruguay 2017 2018 (LE and YO sites) (LE site only) Quality Variety LSM Letters LSM Letters Protein content, AGR044-312E 27.4 A 25.52 ABCD wt % of seed AGR044-HP11 26.7 A 46.53 AB Oil content, AGR044-312E 45.8 A 48.28 AB wt % of seed AGR044-HP11 47.3 A 46.58 BC Glucosinolates, AGR044-312E 57.8 A 47.91 C μmol/g AGR044-HP11 58.9 A 55.28 ABC Erucic Acid, AGR044-312E 46.7 BC 45.65 ABC wt % fatty acids AGR044-HP11 48.2 ABC 46.53 AB Total Saturates, AGR044-312E 5.9 AB 6.21 BCDEF wt % fatty acids AGR044-HP11 5.8 AB 6.15 DEF

The fatty acid profile of seed oil from AGR044-312E, as determined by NIR analysis, was also compared to that of the ABRO44-HP11 check variety and the results, expressed as the percentage by weight (mean of 4 samples) for each of the major fatty acid constituents of the oil are shown in Table 12.

TABLE 12 Fatty acid profile of variety AGR044-312E grown in Uruguay 2017 2018 (LE and YO sites) (LE site only) % Fatty Acid Variety LSM Letters LSM Letters C18:1 AGR044-312E 4.56 DEF 6.33 F AGR044-HP11 4.85 DEF 6.28 F C18:2 AGR044-312E 13.20 C 13.46 C AGR044-HP11 12.79 C 14.38 C C18:3 AGR044-312E 13.82 DEF 13.63 CDE AGR044-HP11 14.09 CDE 14.21 BC C20:1 AGR044-312E 10.11 A 9.27 A AGR044-HP11 9.07 ABCD 7.57 CDEF C22:1 AGR044-312E 46.72 BC 45.65 ABC AGR044-HP11 48.22 ABC 46.53 AB Mono AGR044-312E 59.38 C 59.13 DEF AGR044-HP11 61.33 ABC 59.87 CDE Poly AGR044-312E 33.21 BCD 33.40 EF AGR044-HP11 32.35 BCDE 33.90 DE LCFA AGR044-312E 34.19 BC 41.37 D AGR044-HP11 34.49 BC 43.62 CD VLCFA AGR044-312E 65.81 AB 58.63 B AGR044-HP11 65.51 AB 56.38 BC

The major seed quality trait characteristics of AGR044-312E are summarized below

Seed oil Seed from AGR044-312E demonstrated, in all trial years, content a similar oil content as seed from the check variety. Seed protein Seed from AGR044-312E demonstrated, in all trial years, content a similar protein content as seed from the check variety. Glucosinolates Seed from AGR044-312E demonstrated, in all trial years, equivalent GSL content as seed from the check variety. Erucic acid Oil from seed of AGR044-312E demonstrated, in all trial years, equivalent erucic acid (C22:1) content as seed from the check variety Fatty acids Oil from AGR044-312E had a substantially similar fatty profile and acid profile and showed similar levels of total saturates SATS content as oil from grain of check variety AGR044- HP11.

In summary the seed oil content and fatty acid profile, protein content and GSL content of AGR044-312E were found to be substantially comparable to those of an existing commercial variety grown in the same geography. These attributes support the selection of AGR044-312E as a potential commercial candidate for cultivation in this region.

DEPOSIT

Applicant(s) have made a deposit of at least 2500 seeds of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E with the NCIMB Ltd., Ferguson Building, Craibstone Estate, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, UK, AB21 9YA, under Accession number 42996. The seeds deposited with NCIMB on Apr. 3, 2018 for AGR044-312E were taken from the seed stock maintained by Agrisoma Biosciences Inc., since prior to the filing date of this application. The deposit of seed of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E will be maintained in the NCIMB depository, which is a public depository, for a period of 30 years, or 5 years after the most recent request, or for the enforceable life of the patent, whichever is longer, and will be replaced if it becomes nonviable during that period. Additionally, Applicant has satisfied all the requirements 37 C.F.R. § 1.801-1.809, including providing an indication of the viability of the sample upon deposit. Applicant imposes no restrictions on the availability of the deposited material from NCIMB; however, Applicant has no authority to waive any restrictions imposed by law on the transfer of biological material or its transportation in commerce. Applicant(s) do not waive any infringement of their rights granted under this patent or rights applicable to Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E under the Plant Variety Protection Act (7 USC 2321 et seq.).

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1. A Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E, representative seed of said variety having been deposited under NCIMB accession number
 42996. 2. A seed, plant, plant part or cell of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E, representative seed of said variety having been deposited under NCIMB accession number
 42996. 3. A Brassica carinata plant or plant part having the physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13, as determined at the 5% significance level, when grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions as variety AGR044-312E.
 4. A Brassica carinata seed produced by crossing Brassica carinata plants and harvesting the resulting Brassica carinata seed, wherein at least one Brassica carinata plant is the plant of claim
 2. 5. A method of producing a Brassica carinata variety derived from Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E, the method comprising (c) crossing a plant of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E with a different Brassica carinata plant having a desired trait to produce F1 hybrid seed; and (d) growing the resultant F1 hybrid seed and selecting one or more F1 hybrid plants having the desired trait and at least a portion of the genetic make up of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E.
 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising the steps of (a) backcrossing the selected F1 hybrid plants with plants of variety AGR044-312E, or with the different Brassica carinata plant having a desired trait, to produce backcross progeny seed; (b) growing the resultant backcross progeny seed and selecting backcross progeny plants that have the desired trait and at least a portion of the genetic make up of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E; and (c) repeating steps (a) and (b) on the selected backcross progeny plants to a maximum of 10 generations to produce a progeny Brassica carinata plant derived from Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E, wherein the progeny Brassica carinata plant comprises the desired trait and at least a portion of the genetic make up of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E.
 7. The method of claim 5, further comprising the steps of (a) self-pollinating the selected F1 hybrid plants to produce further progeny seed; (b) growing the further progeny seed and selecting further progeny plants that have the desired trait and at least a portion of the genetic make up of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E; and (c) repeating steps (a) and (b) on the selected further progeny plants to a maximum of 10 generations to produce a progeny Brassica carinata plant derived from Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E, wherein the progeny Brassica carinata plant comprises the desired trait and at least a portion of the genetic makeup of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E.
 8. An F1 hybrid plant grown from the F1 hybrid seed produced by the method of claim 5, wherein the F1 hybrid plant has a desired trait and at least a portion of the genetic make up of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E.
 9. A method for producing a Double Haploid variety comprising: (a) isolating a flower bud of the F1 plant of claim 8; (b) dissecting out a haploid microspore; (c) placing the haploid microspore in culture; (d) inducing the microspore to differentiate into an embryo and subsequently into a plantlet; (e) identifying whether the plantlet contains a diploid chromosome number, wherein the diploid chromosome number occurred through chromosome doubling; and (f) continuing to grow the plantlet if it contains a diploid chromosome number, wherein the Double Haploid variety comprises at least a portion of the genetic makeup of Brassica carinata variety AGR044-312E.
 10. A cell, seed, plant, or plant part of the Double Haploid variety produced by the method of claim
 9. 11. A cell of a Brassica carinata plant or plant part of claim
 3. 12. A tissue culture of protoplasts or regenerable cells of the cell of claim
 11. 13. The tissue culture of protoplast or regenerable cells of claim 12, wherein the protoplasts or regenerable cells are produced from a tissue selected from the group consisting of leaves, pollen, embryos, roots, root tips, pods, flowers, ovules, and stalks.
 14. A Brassica carinata plant regenerated from the tissue culture of claim 12, wherein the plant has the physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13, as determined at the 5% significance level, when grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions as variety AGR044-312E.
 15. A method of producing a commercial plant product comprising growing the plant of claim 2 to produce a commercial crop and producing the commercial plant product from the commercial crop.
 16. A method of producing a commercial plant product comprising growing the F1 hybrid plant of claim 8 to produce a commercial crop and producing the commercial plant product from the commercial crop.
 17. A method of producing a commercial plant product comprising growing a plant of the Double Haploid variety of claim 10 to produce a commercial crop and producing the commercial plant product from the commercial crop.
 18. A commercial plant product produced from a Brassica carinata plant of variety AGR044-312E, wherein the commercial plant product comprises oil, meal, protein isolate or biofumigant.
 19. A commercial plant product produced from the Brassica carinata plant of claim 3, wherein the commercial plant product comprises oil, meal, protein isolate or biofumigant.
 20. A commercial plant product produced from the F1 hybrid plant of claim 8, wherein the commercial plant product comprises oil, meal, protein isolate or biofumigant. 